Influence of Menstrual Cycle Estradiol-β-17 Fluctuations on Energy Substrate Utilization-Oxidation during Aerobic, Endurance Exercise
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This study examined the effect of estradiol-β-17 across the menstrual cycle (MC) during aerobic exercise on energy substrate utilization and oxidation. Thirty-two eumenorrheic (age = 22.4 ± 3.8 y (mean ± SD)), physically active women participated in two steady-state running sessions at 65% of VO2max, one during the early follicular and one during the luteal phase of the MC. Blood samples were collected at rest before each exercise session and analyzed for Estradiol-β-17 to confirm the MC phase. Carbohydrate (CHO) utilization and oxidation values were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the luteal (utilization: 51.6 ± 16.7%; oxidation: 1.22 ± 0.56 g/min; effect size (ES) = 0.45, 0.27) than follicular phase (utilization: 58.2 ± 15.1%; oxidation: 1.38 ± 0.60 g/min) exercise sessions. Conversely, fat utilization and oxidation values were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the luteal (utilization: 48.4 ± 16.7%; oxidation: 0.49 ± 0.19 g/min; ES = 0.45,0.28) than follicular phase (utilization: 41.8 ± 15.1%; oxidation: 0.41 ± 0.14 g/min). Estradiol-β-17 concentrations were significantly (p < 0.01) greater during the luteal (518.5 ± 285.4 pmol/L; ES = 0.75) than follicular phase (243.8 ± 143.2 pmol/L). Results suggest a greater use of fat and reduced amount of CHO usage during the luteal versus follicular phase, directly related to the change in resting estradiol-β-17. Future research should investigate the role these changes may play in female athletic performance.
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The primary action of progesterone is to increase the net rate of protein catabolism through enhancement of plasma-free amino acid utilization by the liver, reducing plasma amino acid concentrations and increasing total urinary nitrogen excretion without aminoaciduria due to increased protein biosynthesis of the endometrial lining.
“The primary action of progesterone is to increase the net rate of protein catabolism through enhancement of plasma-free amino acid utilization by the liver, reducing plasma amino acid concentrations and increasing total urinary nitrogen excretion (without aminoaciduria) [157,165] due to increased protein biosynthesis of the endometrial lining.”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [165]
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- Authors
- Willett, H. N., Koltun, K. J., & Hackney, A. C.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hackney, Anthony C.
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-07-05
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 7209
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8295741
- OpenAlex
- W3180363302
- Cited by
- 29
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3
- FWCI
- 4.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Keywords
- menstrual cycle, luteal phase, follicular phase, energy substrate utilization, carbohydrate oxidation, fat oxidation, endurance exercise, aerobic exercise, female athletes, sex hormones
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Estradiol, Estrogens, Female, Follicular Phase, Humans, Luteal Phase, Menstrual Cycle, Progesterone, Exercise, Young Adult
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