The DOI matches its Crossref record; 94 of the 94 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Resilience, Coping Strategies and Posttraumatic Growth in the Workplace Following COVID-19: A Narrative Review on the Positive Aspects of Trauma
Open accessAbstract
The COVID-19 pandemic represents a traumatic event that has profoundly changed working conditions with detrimental consequences for workers’ health, in particular for the healthcare population directly involved in addressing the emergency. Nevertheless, previous research has demonstrated that traumatic experiences can also lead to positive reactions, stimulating resilience and feelings of growth. The aim of this narrative review is to investigate the positive aspects associated with the COVID-19 pandemic and the possible health prevention and promotion strategies by analyzing the available scientific evidence. In particular, we focus on the constructs of resilience, coping strategies and posttraumatic growth (PTG). A literature search was performed on the PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Psycinfo databases. Forty-six articles were included in the literature synthesis. Psychological resilience is a fundamental variable for reducing and preventing the negative psychological effects of the pandemic and is associated with lower levels of depression, anxiety and burnout. At the individual and organizational level, resilience plays a crucial role in enhancing wellbeing in healthcare and non-healthcare workers. Connected to resilience, adaptive coping strategies are essential for managing the emergency and work-related stress. Several positive factors influencing resilience have been highlighted in the development of PTG. At the same time, high levels of resilience and positive coping strategies can enhance personal growth. Considering the possible long-term coexistence and consequences of COVID-19, organizational interventions should aim to improve workers’ adaptive coping skills, resilience and PTG in order to promote wellbeing.
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![Figure 1 Flow diagram of the literature search and articles selection (adapted from PRISMA 2020 guidelines for systematic reviews) [76].](/paper-figures/f5c7b23a61ce43f98a4824a8aa56ce16/resilience-coping-strategies-and-posttraumatic-growth-in-the-workplace-following-figure-1.jpg)
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“Previous studies indicated that variables such as social support and psychological resilience after trauma may be effective mediators on PTG (Ahmadi & Mehrabi, 2020; Finstad et al., 2021).”
From Post-Traumatic Growth in University Students After Earthquakes: The Effect of Perceived Social Support and Psychological Resilience (2025) · cites this paper as Finstad et al., 2021
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“However, findings regarding the direct effect of social support on PTG are inconsistent in the literature (Finstad et al., 2021).”
From Post-Traumatic Growth in University Students After Earthquakes: The Effect of Perceived Social Support and Psychological Resilience (2025) · cites this paper as Finstad et al., 2021
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Cites
The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., et al. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.n71 · Cited by 108,283
TARGET ARTICLE: "Posttraumatic Growth: Conceptual Foundations and Empirical Evidence"
Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1501_01 · Cited by 7,154
The posttraumatic growth inventory: measuring the positive legacy of trauma
Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.2490090305 · Cited by 7,061 · cited 2×
“Most of the studies used the Post Traumatic Growth Inventory Scale (PTGI by [13]) to assess the impact of this variable on HCWs, one study used the Changes in Outlook Questionnaire (CIOQ by [77]) and one study used a qualitative approach through interviews with the subjects involved.”
BackgroundMethodBonanno, G. A. (2004) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.59.1.20 · Cited by 6,851
The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., et al. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.03.001 · Cited by 4,265
Pappa, S., Ntella, V., Giannakas, T., Giannakoulis, V. G., Papoutsi, E., & Katsaounou, P. (2020) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.026 · Cited by 3,617 · cited 1×
“Likewise, there is growing evidence that COVID-19 is associated with post-traumatic symptoms and psychological disorders, especially for frontline health workers [8,9].”
BackgroundPsychological Sequelae of the September 11 Terrorist Attacks in New York City
Galea, S., Ahern, J., Resnick, H. S., Kilpatrick, D. G., Bucuvalas, M. J., Gold, J., & Vlahov, D. (2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsa013404 · Cited by 1,905
Supporting the health care workforce during the COVID-19 global epidemic
Adams, J. G., & Walls, R. M. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.3972 · Cited by 1,498 · cited 1×
“After an initial pandemic phase characterized by a significant lack of resources, the situation continues to exert extreme pressures on healthcare professionals [80,81].”
BackgroundMaunder, R., Lancee, W., Balderson, K., Bennett, J., Borgundvaag, B., Evans, S., Fernandes, C., Goldbloom, D., Gupta, M., Hunter, J., et al. (2006) · Emerging Infectious Diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1212.060584 · Cited by 1,109 · cited 1×
“Data from previous experiences, as in the case of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) of 2003, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) of 2013–2016 and Ebola of 2014–2016, display an alarming picture with symptoms such as anxiety, depression, burnout and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that persist even aft…”
MethodShechter, A., Diaz, F., Moise, N., Anstey, D. E., Ye, S., Agarwal, S., Birk, J. L., Brodie, D., Cannone, D. E., Chang, B., et al. (2020) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.06.007 · Cited by 1,008
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Han, S., Yoon, A., Kim, M. J., & Yoon, J.-H. (2022) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2022.02.024 · Cited by 97
Occupational Health and Safety Scope Significance in Achieving Sustainability
Kavouras, S., Vardopoulos, I., Mitoula, R., Zorpas, A. A., & Kaldis, P. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14042424 · Cited by 67
Rossi, M. F., Gualano, M. R., Magnavita, N., Moscato, U., Santoro, P. E., & Borrelli, I. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1139260 · Cited by 66
Lulli, L. G., Giorgi, G., Pandolfi, C., Foti, G., Finstad, G. L., Arcangeli, G., & Mucci, N. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su132413869 · Cited by 59
Self-citationXie, C., & Kim, Y. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10020224 · Cited by 55
Metadata
- Authors
- Finstad, G. L., Giorgi, G., Lulli, L. G., Pandolfi, C., Foti, G., León-Perez, J. M., Cantero-Sánchez, F. J., & Mucci, N.
- Affiliations
- European University of Rome (IT)
- University of Florence (IT)
- Department of Social Psychology, Universidad de Sevilla, 41004 Sevilla, Spain
- Corresponding author
- Finstad, Georgia Libera
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-09-08
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 9453
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8468098
- OpenAlex
- W3196750800
- Cited by
- 273
- References
- 94
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 76 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 6
- FWCI
- 7.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Florence Research (University of Florence) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Deposito de Investigacion Universidad de Sevilla (University of Seville) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Stress and Burnout Research
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, psychological resilience, coping strategies, posttraumatic growth, employee well-being, healthcare workers, occupational stress, burnout, anxiety and depression, organizational interventions, positive psychology
- MeSH terms
- Posttraumatic Growth, Psychological, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adaptation, Psychological, Health Personnel, Humans, Workplace, Resilience, Psychological, Pandemics
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