What influences tourist behaviors during and after the COVID-19 pandemic? Focusing on theories of risk, coping, and resilience
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- Findingown data
Personal-level and societal-level risk perception had different effects on emotion-focused coping.
“The results showed that the two types of risk perception (personal- and societal-level) had different effects on problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
During the COVID-19 pandemic, individuals using emotion-focused coping expressed a willingness to respond to negative emotions more quickly for short-term stress relief.
“In particular, in terms of short-term stress relief, individuals using emotion-focused coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic have been shown to express a willingness to respond to negative emotions more quickly.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Personal-level and societal-level risk perception had different effects on problem-focused coping.
“The results showed that the two types of risk perception (personal- and societal-level) had different effects on problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Coping strategies, through psychological resilience, can change travel intentions during and after a pandemic.
“It was also found that coping strategies, through psychological resilience, can change travel intentions during and after a pandemic.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Societal-level risk perception had a significantly positive effect on problem-focused coping.
“H3, indicating a path from societal-level risk perception to problem-focused coping, was positively significant (β = 0.252, t = 2.274, p < 0.05)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The data used in this study were normally distributed.
- Findingown data
Psychological resilience had a significantly positive effect on travel intentions during the COVID-19 pandemic.
“Finally, psychological resilience significantly encouraged people's travel intentions during (β = 0.100, t = 3.295, p < 0.001)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The data used in this study were normally distributed.
- Findingown data
Problem-focused coping had a significantly negative effect on travel intentions during the COVID-19 pandemic.
“Fourth, problem-focused coping negatively influenced travel intentions during the COVID-19 outbreak (β = −0.060, t = 1.967, p < 0.05)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The data used in this study were normally distributed.
- Findingnone given
Psychological resilience may serve as a factor influencing tourists' travel decisions.
“psychological resilience, which has not been examined in previous studies, can play a role as an influencing factor in tourists’ travel decision-making”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Psychological resilience partially mediated the relationship between emotion-focused coping and travel intentions after the COVID-19 pandemic.
“and after (indirect effect: β = 0.010, p < 0.01) the COVID-19 pandemic.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The data used in this study were normally distributed.
- Findingown data
Problem-focused coping had a significantly positive effect on psychological resilience.
“Third, psychological resilience was significantly affected by problem-focused coping (β = 0.431, t = 13.755, p < 0.001)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The data used in this study were normally distributed.
- Findingown data
Psychological resilience partially mediated the relationship between problem-focused coping and travel intentions during the COVID-19 pandemic.
“As shown in Table 7 , psychological resilience partially mediated the relationship between problem-focused coping and travel intentions during (indirect effect: β = 0.043, p < 0.01)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The data used in this study were normally distributed.
- Findingown data
Emotion-focused coping had a significantly positive effect on psychological resilience.
“and emotion-focused coping (β = 0.107, t = 3.748, p < 0.001), therefore supporting H5 and H6.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The data used in this study were normally distributed.
- Findingown data
Societal-level risk perception had a significantly negative effect on emotion-focused coping.
“while H4, indicating a path from societal-level risk perception to emotion-focused coping, was negatively significant (β = −0.478, t = 9.800, p < 0.001)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The data used in this study were normally distributed.
- Findingown data
Personal-level risk perception had a significantly positive effect on problem-focused coping.
“First, personal-level risk perception had a significantly positive effect on problem-focused coping (β = 0.410, t = 9.080, p < 0.001)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The data used in this study were normally distributed.
- Findingown data
Individuals' risk perceptions for COVID-19 can be observed at the personal and societal levels.
“First, the results confirmed that individuals' risk perceptions for COVID-19 could be observed at the personal and societal levels.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The data used in this study were normally distributed.
- Findingown data
Different types of coping strategies have a significant effect on tourists' psychological and behavioral responses.
“by confirming that different types of coping strategies have an important effect on tourists' psychological and behavioral responses”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Psychological resilience had a significantly positive effect on travel intentions after the COVID-19 pandemic.
“and after (β = 0.090, t = 2.655, p < 0.01) the outbreak, which supported H11 and H12.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The data used in this study were normally distributed.
- Findingown data
Personal-level risk perception had a significantly positive effect on emotion-focused coping.
“personal-level risk perception had a significantly positive effect on problem-focused coping (β = 0.410, t = 9.080, p < 0.001) and emotion-focused coping (β = 0.338, t = 7.069, p < 0.001)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The data used in this study were normally distributed.
- Findingown data
Psychological resilience partially mediated the relationship between emotion-focused coping and travel intentions during the COVID-19 pandemic.
“Similarly, regarding emotion-focused coping, psychological resilience partially mediated the relationship between emotion-focused coping and travel intentions during (indirect effect: β = 0.011, p < 0.05)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The data used in this study were normally distributed.
- Findingown data
Risk perception affects how individuals' coping strategies relate to resilience.
“the findings that risk perception influences the relationship between individuals' coping strategies and resilience”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Psychological resilience partially mediated the relationship between problem-focused coping and travel intentions after the COVID-19 pandemic.
“and after (indirect effect: β = 0.039, p < 0.05) the COVID-19 pandemic.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The data used in this study were normally distributed.
- Findingown data
Emotion-focused coping had a significantly negative effect on travel intentions after the COVID-19 pandemic.
“but negatively influenced travel intentions after the outbreak (β = −0.182, t = 6.041, p < 0.001)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The data used in this study were normally distributed.
- Findingown data
Problem-focused coping had a significantly positive effect on travel intentions after the COVID-19 pandemic.
“but positively affected travel intentions after the outbreak (β = 0.217, t = 6.348, p < 0.001)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The data used in this study were normally distributed.
- Findingown data
Emotion-focused coping had a significantly positive effect on travel intentions during the COVID-19 pandemic.
“In contrast, emotion-focused coping positively affected travel intentions during the COVID-19 outbreak (β = 0.494, t = 17.925, p < 0.001)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The data used in this study were normally distributed.
- Findingown data
Both personal and societal risk perceptions affect direct prevention strategies.
“In particular, the result showed that both personal and societal risk perceptions affect direct prevention strategies.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The data used in this study were normally distributed.
- Premisecitation
There is a significant relationship between risk perceptions and coping strategies.
“Several previous studies have confirmed a significant relationship between risk perceptions and coping strategies”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Little research has been done on how tourists generate and use psychological resilience to manage adversity and respond to changing environments in the face of danger or disaster.
“However, unfortunately, little research has been done on how tourists generate and use psychological resilience to manage adversity and respond to changing environments in the face of danger or disaster”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Prayag et al., 2020 source
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- cites Zheng et al., 2021a
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- Premisecitation
Few studies have investigated individuals' psychological responses and coping mechanisms to COVID-19 risk stress in post pandemic travel.
“However, few studies have investigated individuals' psychological responses and coping mechanisms to COVID-19 risk stress in the context of post pandemic travel”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Zheng et al., 2021a
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- Premisecitation
Risk perception levels affect an individual's coping strategy.
“According to stress and coping theory, these risk perception levels affect an individual's coping strategy.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lazarus & Folkman, 1984
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- Study design and conductown data
The internal consistency of the constructs was satisfactory.
“First, Cronbach's alpha for all constructs was greater than 0.90, which met the recommended index of 0.70, and thus, the internal consistency of the constructs was satisfactory”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hair, Anderson, Tatham, & Black, 2002
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- Premisecitation
Problem-focused and emotion-focused coping mechanisms in disaster situations can activate resilience of tourism-related stakeholders.
“The existing tourism literature on resilience also found that problem-focused and emotion-focused coping mechanisms in disaster situations can activate the resilience of tourism-related stakeholders (e.g., providers and consumers)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Fang, Prayag, Ozanne, & de Vries, 2020 source
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- cites Zheng et al., 2021a
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- Premisecitation
No evidence has yet been found of a direct impact on actual risk-taking tourism behaviors.
“Although many of these studies have considered whether risk-taking tourism behaviors could be associated with certain personality traits or sex (Carr, 2002; Lepp & Gibson, 2008; Pizam et al., 2004), no evidence has yet been found of a direct impact on actual risk-taking tourism behaviors.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Study design and conductown data
The constructs had convergent validity.
“As shown in Table 4, all the standardized factor loadings of the items ranged from 0.761 to 0.984, which met the standards (λ > 0.5), and the t value of the items were found to be significant (p < 0.001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
The construct reliability estimates were higher than the cutoff value of 0.70.
“Then, the construct reliability estimates that ranged from 0.921 to 0.988 were higher than the cutoff value of 0.70 recommended by Hair et al. (2002).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hair et al., 2002
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- Premisecitation
Psychological resilience can be affected by problem-focused or emotion-focused coping strategies.
“Thus, as an individual's ability to positively adapt and respond to stress and adversity, such as to the COVID-19 pandemic, psychological resilience can be affected by problem-focused coping or emotion-focused coping strategies”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Zheng et al., 2021a
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- Premisecitation
In the COVID-19 context, there is a significant relationship between risk and people's choice of coping strategies.
“Even in the context of COVID-19, studies have confirmed the significant relationship between risk and people's choice of coping strategies”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Gerhold, 2020
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- cites Rana et al., 2021 source
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- Study design and conductown data
The data used in this study were not affected by common method bias.
“Considering that the explanatory variance of the first factor in this study was 28.02%, which is less than half of the total variance of 84.58%, it can be concluded that the data used in this study were not affected by CMB.”
- Also stated in: § Data analysis · boosted
“Therefore, the results obtained from both the single factor test and marker variable technique proved that this study is free from CMB.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Data analysis · boosted
- Interpretationown data
Both problem- and emotion-focused coping strategies can be important for psychological resilience.
“However, unlike previous studies that only emphasized the benefits of task-oriented coping with stressful events (Carver, 1997; Stratta et al., 2015), we support that both problem- and emotion-focused coping strategies can be important for psychological resilience.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Carver, 1997 source
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- cites Stratta et al., 2015 source
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- The authors state this as an assumption: The data used in this study were normally distributed.
- Premisecitation
Information generated by tourists and destination management organizations, as well as engagement of social media influencers in risk communication, can help tourists perceive crisis levels, destination image, and tourism recovery.
“tourists and DMO-generated information or engagement of social media influencers in risk communications can help tourists perceive levels of crisis, destination image and tourism recovery”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Cambra-Fierro et al., 2021
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- cites Femenia-Serra, Gretzel, & Alzua-Sorzabal, 2021
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- Interpretationreasoning
This study is among the few that specified coping strategies in the decision-making process according to risk perception in tourism and empirically examined each strategy's effect.
“this study is one of a few studies in which coping strategies were specified in the decision-making process according to the perception of risk in the tourism sector and the effect of each strategic characteristic was empirically considered.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
The measurement model had discriminant validity.
“In addition, we measured discriminant validity by comparing the AVE and correlation efficiency of the constructs, and more specifically, if the AVE of each construct was greater than the square of the correlation coefficient of two constructs (AVE > ∅2), the measurement model had discriminant validity (Fornell & Larcker, 1981).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Fornell & Larcker, 1981 source
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- Premisecitation
Communication tools such as government announcements, mass media, and interpersonal communication significantly affect destination image, public safety, and how people judge risk levels.
“communication tools such as government announcements, mass media, and interpersonal communication have a significant impact on destination image and public safety, along with the way people judge risk levels”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Cambra-Fierro, Fuentes-Blasco, Gao, Melero-Polo, & Trifu, 2021
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- cites Kim & Kreps, 2020
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- cites Park, Kim, & Choi, 2019 source
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- Interpretationreasoning
This study deepens the understanding of individuals' risk perception process mechanisms for external threats by classifying risk perception by a multidimensional concept.
“First, this study deepens the understanding of individuals' risk perception process mechanisms for external threats by classifying risk perception by a multidimensional concept.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The data used in this study were normally distributed.
- Rests on an assumption: There is a gap in knowledge from a behavioral science perspective regarding the individual psychology of travelers in a pandemic situation.
- Rests on an assumption: COVID-19 has created an unprecedented level of risk, which could negatively influence the tourism industry and hamper tourism recovery after the pandemic is over.
- Study design and conductown data
The overall CFA measurement model suggested a good fit.
“Furthermore, the overall CFA measurement model suggested a good fit with all the indices (x 2 = 791.139, x 2 /df = 2.68, goodness-of-fit index [GFI] = 0.952, adjusted goodness-of-fit index [AGFI] = 0.940, normed fit index [NFI] = 0.976, comparative fit index [CFI] = 0.985, root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA = 0.037) above the cutoff criterion recommended by Bagozzi and Yi (1988)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bagozzi and Yi (1988) source
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- The authors state this as an assumption: The data used in this study were normally distributed.
- Study design and conductown data
The average variance extracted (AVE) values of all the constructs exceeded the value of 0.5.
“The average variance extracted (AVE) values of all the constructs fell between 0.744 and 0.964, implying that they exceeded the value of 0.5 suggested by Hair et al. (2002).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hair et al., 2002
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- Study design and conductown data
The structural model had satisfactory fit indices.
“The structural model of this study was assessed by structural equation modeling (SEM). Fig. 2 and Table 6 indicate the multiple indices of the model fit: the chi-square ratio on the degrees of freedom (x 2 /df) was 2.374, GFI = 0.953, AGFI = 0.942, NFI = 0.978, CFI = 0.987, and RMSEA = 0.037.”
- Also stated in: § Structural model · plain
“Therefore, all the indices of the model fit were satisfactory.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Schumacker & Lomax, 2004
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- cites Bagozzi & Yi, 1988 source
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- cites Steiger, 1990 source
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- The authors state this as an assumption: The data used in this study were normally distributed.
- Also stated in: § Structural model · plain
- Interpretationown data
This study extended findings on resilience by identifying causal relationships between coping strategies, resilience, and travel behavioral intentions at the individual level.
“Going beyond the analysis of the resilience of socioecological systems that had previously been dominantly applied in the tourism literature (Hall et al., 2017; Prayag et al., 2020; Strickland-Munro, Allison, & Moore, 2010), we extended our findings on resilience by identifying causal relationships between coping strategies, resilience, and travel behavioral intentions at the individual level.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Hall et al., 2017
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- cites Prayag et al., 2020 source
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- cites Strickland-Munro, Allison, & Moore, 2010 source
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- The authors state this as an assumption: The data used in this study were normally distributed.
- Rests on an assumption: There is a gap in knowledge from a behavioral science perspective regarding the individual psychology of travelers in a pandemic situation.
- Rests on an assumption: COVID-19 has created an unprecedented level of risk, which could negatively influence the tourism industry and hamper tourism recovery after the pandemic is over.
- Interpretationreasoning
Problem-focused coping suggests that tourists consider not only their own internal emotions such as fear but also external risk indicators when responding to the COVID-19 pandemic.
“That is, problem-focused coping suggests that tourists consider not only their own internal emotions such as fear but also external risk indicators when responding to the COVID-19 pandemic, and this expands previous research on risk perception in tourism (Oh et al., 2021; Zheng et al., 2021a, 2021b).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Oh et al., 2021
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- cites Zheng et al., 2021a
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- cites Zheng et al., 2021b
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- The authors state this as an assumption: The data used in this study were normally distributed.
- Interpretationown data
Psychological resilience can also be an important influencer on travel intentions after risk termination.
“Zheng et al. (2021a) confirmed that psychological resilience affects cautious travel, but the results of this study confirm that psychological resilience can also be an important influencer on travel intentions after risk termination.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Zheng et al. (2021a)
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- The authors state this as an assumption: The data used in this study were normally distributed.
- Premisecitation
Most prior research on tourist risk behavior has centered on variables from traditional behavioral theories or protection motivation theories.
“Most of the existing research on tourist behaviors toward risk has focused on the variables of traditional behavioral theories (e.g., planned behavioral theory) or protective motivation theories (Bae & Chang, 2021; Wang, Liu-Lastres, Ritchie, & Mills, 2019; Zheng et al., 2021a).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
- May combine two claims. 9
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 11
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataBoth problem- and emotion-focused coping were dominant factors in explaining psychological resilience, and psychological resilience significantly mediated the relationship between coping strategies and travel intentions.
“In sum, the findings indicated that both problem- and emotion-focused coping were dominant factors in explaining psychological resilience, and at the same time, psychological resilience significantly mediated the relationship between coping strategies and travel intentions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The data used in this study were normally distributed.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationPersonal-level risk perception can directly lead to preventive actions, whereas societal-level risk perception may not have such a direct effect.
“The theoretical perspective explains that risk perception at the personal level can directly lead to preventive actions, whereas risk perception at the societal level may not have such a direct effect”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Paek & Hove, 2017
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- cites Paek, Oh, & Hove, 2016 source
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- cites Wu & Li, 2017
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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationTourists may protect themselves by avoiding travel or being cautious when they perceive travel risk due to an epidemic as a serious threat.
“Several researchers have found that tourists may protect themselves by avoiding travel or being cautious throughout their itinerary when they perceive the risk of travel due to an epidemic as a serious threat”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Zheng et al., 2021a
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- cites Zheng, Luo, & Ritchie, 2021b
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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationProblem-focused coping produces more effective results than emotion-focused coping, associated with improved psychological well-being, self-care, and health-related quality of life.
“Most of these studies have argued that problem-focused coping produces more effective results than emotion-focused coping, as it is associated with improved psychological well-being, self-care, and health-related quality of life”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Biggs et al., 2017
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- cites Graven et al., 2014 source
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PremisecitationEmotion-focused coping can exert a short-term adaptive effect when individuals evaluate stressors as uncontrollable or resources insufficient.
“some scholars have described that emotion-focused coping strategies can exert a short-term adaptive effect when individuals evaluate stressors as uncontrollable or when they appraise that the resources for coping with stress are insufficient”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationQuota sampling does not require determining sample size, confidence level, and statistical error.
“it is not necessary for quota sampling to determine sample size, the level of confidence, and statistical error”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Yang & Banamah, 2014
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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationTourists may make risk-taking decisions, such as pursuing planned travel or making new travel plans, despite being aware of risks.
“However, in some cases, tourists may make risk-taking decisions, such as pursuing planned travel or making new travel plans, despite being aware of the risks of the external circumstance”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationQuota sampling allows researchers to avoid over- or underrepresentation and generates a sample that matches the population being studied.
“It allows researchers to avoid over- or underrepresentation and generates a sample that matches the population being studied”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Yang & Banamah, 2014
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationPersonal-level risk perception leads to direct coping behaviors, whereas societal-level risk perception does not directly influence behavioral responses.
“Specifically, some studies suggest that risk perception at the personal level leads to direct coping behaviors in individuals, whereas the societal level does not directly influence behavioral responses”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationPotential travelers may have different risk perceptions based on sociodemographic characteristics, personality traits, and previous travel experiences.
“Potential travelers may have different perceptions of risks based on sociodemographic characteristics (Reisinger & Crotts, 2009; Zhan, Zeng, Morrison, Liang, & Coca-Stefaniak, 2020), personality traits (Morakabati & Kapuściński, 2016), and previous travel experiences (Sharifpour, Walters, & Ritchie, 2014).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningPeople not only rely on their emotions when dealing with negative events but also react sensitively to risk indicators obtained from outside of themselves.
“It can be inferred that this finding is a result of the fact that people not only rely on their emotions when dealing with negative events but also react sensitively to risk indicators obtained from outside of themselves (e.g., mass media, government, and interpersonal communication).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The data used in this study were normally distributed.
May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe study's data came from an online survey of potential tourists in Korea during the peak of the COVID-19 crisis, so generalizing the results requires caution.
“The data for this study were collected by an online survey at the peak of the COVID-19 crisis, targeting only potential tourists from Korea due to time and location constraints; thus, the generalization of the results may require caution.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningThe study employed theories of risk perception, coping, and resilience to explain travel intentions during and after the pandemic, while excluding other potential factors linked to travel threats.
“this study applied risk perception, coping and resilience theories to explain individuals' travel intentions during and after the pandemic outbreak, which excludes other potential factors that may be associated with individuals' travel threats during a pandemic.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningThe study explored only the influence between factors from a comprehensive perspective and did not consider clear directions.
“in this study, only the influence between factors was explored from a comprehensive perspective, and clear directions were not considered.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The authors state this as an assumption.
Coping strategies are likely to appear differently depending on the level of perceived risk.
“it can be assumed that coping strategies are likely to appear differently depending on the level of perceived risk”
The paper relies on this without support.
Theoretical and empirical discussions on how people determine travel intentions based on coping strategies and psychological resilience for infectious diseases are scarce.
“theoretical and empirical discussions regarding how people determine their travel intentions based on their cognitive and behavioral skills (coping strategies) and personal abilities (psychological resilience) for infectious diseases are still scarce”
The paper relies on this without support.
The target population of potential adult travelers living in Korea cannot be reached entirely by researchers.
“it is not possible for researchers to reach every potential respondent in the population”
The paper relies on this without support.
The influence of psychological resilience interventions on COVID-19 stress coping strategies and travel decision-making is still unknown.
“the influence of psychological resilience interventions on COVID-19 stress coping strategies and travel decision-making is still unknown”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The data used in this study were normally distributed.
“Since the critical ratios in the absolute value of the kurtosis were less than |3.0| and |7.0|, respectively, we assumed that the data used in this study were normally distributed”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Individuals who use emotion-focused coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic express their willingness to act faster to counteract negative emotions than those who do not.
“Therefore, from the perspective of short-term stress relief, it can be assumed that individuals who use emotion-focused coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic express their willingness to act faster to counteract negative emotions than those who do not.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is a gap in knowledge from a behavioral science perspective regarding the individual psychology of travelers in a pandemic situation.
“Although some studies have been done to understand the individual psychology of travelers in a pandemic situation (Ritchie & Jiang, 2019; Zheng et al., 2021a, 2021b), there is still a gap in knowledge from a behavioral science perspective.”
The paper relies on this without support.
COVID-19 has created an unprecedented level of risk, which could negatively influence the tourism industry and hamper tourism recovery after the pandemic is over.
“COVID-19 has created an unprecedented level of risk, which could negatively influence the tourism industry and hamper tourism recovery after the pandemic is over.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Threat appraisals are based on individual differences.
“The fact that threat appraisals are based on individual differences”
The paper relies on this without support.
Risk can be perceived differently by individuals and by society.
“risks can be perceived differently at the personal and societal levels”
The paper relies on this without support.
The influence relationships among the factors have some evidence but no clear direction, and their multifaceted aspects are controversial.
“there is some evidence about the influence relationship between the given factors thus far, but there is no clear direction; rather, their multifaceted aspects are controversial.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
COVID-19 may persist for some time.
“given that COVID-19 may persist for some time”
Claims other papers make about this one
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Tourists' behavioral intentions in health and wellness tourism can predict their actual tourism behaviors and effectively reflect the number of travelers in the tourism market.
“Tourists’ behavioral intentions in health and wellness tourism are able to predict their actual tourism behaviors and can effectively reflect the number of travelers in the tourism market [5,20].”
From Health and Wellness Tourists’ Motivation and Behavior Intention: The Role of Perceived Value (2023) · cites this paper as [5]
The Post pandemic travel intentions section discusses decisions to postpone or pursue travel, and the Discussion reports factors influencing travel intentions. Neither section establishes that intentions predict actual behavior or reflect traveler numbers; searches for those relationships and for health and wellness tourism found no supporting passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Correlation was reported as its own square
MinorThe reported correlation is 0.669, so its square is 0.447561, not 0.669. The discriminant-validity comparison still holds with the corrected value.
Reported 0.669 · recomputed 0.447561
“the AVE of each variable (i.e., AVE of personal risk perception = 0.773, and AVE of social risk perception = 0.744) is higher than the square of the highest correlation coefficient (i.e., ∅2 of personal risk perception and social risk perception = 0.669).”
Domestic-travel percentage does not match the count
MinorTable 3 lists 521 of 1,156 respondents in the 2-3 domestic-trips category, or about 45.1%, rather than the 44.1% stated in the text.
Reported 44.1 · recomputed 45.069204
“44.1% of the respondents traveled domestically 2–3 times a year on average”
Emotion-focused coping test statistic differs between text and table
MinorThe prose gives the test statistic for H6 as 3.748, whereas Table 6 gives 3.738 for the same path.
“emotion-focused coping (β = 0.107, t = 3.748, p < 0.001)”
“| H6: Emotion-focused coping → Psychological resilience | 0.107 | 3.738*** | Supported |”
Fit indices exceed the stated preferred cutoff
MinorAll four reported fit indices exceed 0.90, although the text says values below 0.90 are preferred and then calls all the indices satisfactory.
“GFI = 0.953, AGFI = 0.942, NFI = 0.978, CFI = 0.987, and RMSEA = 0.037.”
“GFI, AGFI, NFI, and CFI are preferably less than 0.90 (Bagozzi & Yi, 1988; Hair et al., 2002). The acceptable value of RMSEA is lower than 0.05 (Steiger, 1990). Therefore, all the indices of the model fit were satisfactory.”
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“However, unlike previous studies that only emphasized the benefits of task-oriented coping with stressful events (Carver, 1997; Stratta et al., 2015), we support that both problem- and emotion-focused coping strategies can be important for psychological resilience.”
InfluentialA risk perception scale for travel to a crisis epicentre: visiting Wuhan after COVID-19
Zhan, L., Zeng, X., Morrison, A. M., Liang, H., & Coca‐Stefaniak, J. A. (2020) · Current Issues in Tourism · doi:10.1080/13683500.2020.1857712 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Risk perception, stress and coping strategies in two catastrophe risk situations
López-Vázquez, E., & Marván, M. L. (2003) · Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.2003.31.1.61 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Stressors and Patterns of Coping In Renal Transplant Patients
SUTTON, T. D. (1989) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/00006199-198901000-00010 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Media risk communication – what was said by whom and how was it interpreted
McCarthy, M. B., Brennan, M., Boer, M. D., et al. (2008) · Journal of Risk Research · doi:10.1080/13669870701566599 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Kim, M. J., Lee, C., Petrick, J. F., et al. (2020) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.11.003 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationAre we ready for cyberterrorist attacks?—Examining the role of individual resilience
Hua, J., Chen, Y., & Luo, X. R. (2018) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2018.04.008 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Shim, M., & You, M. (2015) · Asian Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/01292986.2014.989242 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Morakabati, Y., & Kapuściński, G. (2016) · International Journal of Tourism Research · doi:10.1002/jtr.2068 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
An evolutionary perspective on risk taking in tourism
Kim, J., & Seo, Y. (2019) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/0047287518807579 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Blackmon, B. J., Lee, J., Cochran, D. M., Kar, B., Rehner, T. A., & Baker, A. M. (2016) · Social Work in Public Health · doi:10.1080/19371918.2016.1188746 · Cited by 47 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Therefore, individuals build resilience by acquiring psychological resources when they experience stressful events, and these psychological resources help to increase adaptability and mitigate losses to stressful or traumatic events, such as natural disasters or epidemics (Blackmon et al., 2017; Polizzi, Lynn, & Perry…”
The influence of gender on travel risk perceptions, safety, and travel intentions
Reisinger, Y., & Crotts, J. C. (2009) · Tourism Analysis · doi:10.3727/108354210x12645141401269 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Risk perception, media exposure, and visitor’s behavior responses to Florida Red Tide
Cahyanto, I., & Liu-Lastres, B. (2020) · Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing · doi:10.1080/10548408.2020.1783426 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Facts and Fears: Understanding Perceived Risk
Vassie, L., Slovic, P., Fischhoff, B., et al. (2005) · Policy and Practice in Health and Safety · doi:10.1080/14774003.2005.11667668 · Cited by 43 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Other studies, in contrast, have argued that individuals’ overconfidence that they are immune to social risks or regarding the duration of the risk situation may also lead to different ways of coping (Sutton & Murphy, 1989; Vassie et al., 2005).”
Duong, H. T., Nguyen, H. T., McFarlane, S. J., & Nguyen, L. T. V. (2021) · The Social Science Journal · doi:10.1080/03623319.2021.1874176 · Cited by 41 · cited 3× · see citing works
“This is in line with previous studies arguing that individuals may have both types of risk perceptions (themselves and others) when health risks are widespread, such as with infectious diseases (Duong et al., 2021; Oh et al., 2015; Paek et al., 2016).”
Confirmatory factor analysis of the Cybernetic coping scale
Brough, P. A., O’Driscoll, M. P., & Kalliath, T. J. (2005) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1348/096317904x23754 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Wu, X., & Li, X. (2017) · International journal of communication · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The influence of communication in destination imagery during COVID-19
Cambra‐Fierro, J., Blasco, M. F., Gao, L. X., Melero‐Polo, I., & Trifu, A. (2021) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102817 · Cited by 33 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Previous literature has provided insights into the effects of media and interpersonal messaging, confirming that tourists and DMO-generated information or engagement of social media influencers in risk communications can help tourists perceive levels of crisis, destination image and tourism recovery (Cambra-Fierro et…”
Coping styles associated with heart failure outcomes: A systematic review
Graven, L., Grant, J. S., Vance, D. E., Pryor, E. R., Grubbs, L., & Karioth, S. (2014) · Journal of Nursing Education and Practice · doi:10.5430/jnep.v4n2p227 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
UNWTO World Tourism Barometer and Statistical Annex, July 2021
(2021) · UNWTO World Tourism Barometer · doi:10.18111/wtobarometereng.2021.19.1.4 · Cited by 28 · cited 2× · see citing works
“However, although it will take a considerable amount of time for tourism demand to recover to the pre-COVID-19 period, there is no doubt that a gradual recovery of demand has begun as the spread of vaccines and inoculation rates increase (UNWTO, 2021a).”
Contagious insecurity: war, SARS and global air mobility
Aaltola, M. (2012) · Contemporary Politics · doi:10.1080/13569775.2012.651273 · Cited by 13 · cited 1× · see citing works
“According to previous literature on the risk perception of infectious diseases, studies in the field of sociology have focused on the perspectives of stakeholders such as the government and related ministries and institutional factors (Aaltola, 2012; Ratten, 2020).”
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Kim, H. L., & Hyun, S. S. (2024) · International Journal of Tourism Research · doi:10.1002/jtr.2628 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Health and Wellness Tourists’ Motivation and Behavior Intention: The Role of Perceived Value
Gan, T., Zheng, J., Li, W., Li, J., & Shen, J. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20054339 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“The high levels of travelers’ behavioral intention represent their preference for health and wellness tourism attractions as destinations, higher satisfaction with the tourism products or services, and willingness to recommend the tour to friends and family [5,24,25].”
BackgroundFuchs, G., Efrat‐Treister, D., & Westphal, M. (2023) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2023.104809 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Mladenović, D., Todua, N., & Pavlović-Höck, N. (2023) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2023.101966 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Satar, M. S., Rather, R. A., Parrey, S. H., Khan, H., & Rasul, T. (2023) · Service Industries Journal · doi:10.1080/02642069.2023.2191953 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“…give importance to their marketing and tourism tactics, communicating perceived-risk reduction strategies, or strategic responses to reinforce CBX, which in turn elicits emotional attachment and consumer-based brand equity during the recent global-outbreak (Han et al., 2022; Ren et al., 2022).”
Hüsser, A. P., & Ohnmacht, T. (2023) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2023.104734 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Wong, I. A., Lin, X. (., Lin, Z., & Lin, Y. (2023) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-05-2022-0657 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Well-Being and Tourism: A Systematic Literature Review
Konstantopoulou, C., Varelas, S., & Liargovas, P. G. (2024) · Economies · doi:10.3390/economies12100281 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Xie, C., Fan, L., Zhang, J., & Huang, S. S. (2023) · Tourism Management Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2023.101173 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Tourist rural destination restorative capacity: scale development and validation
Zhai, L., Wang, C., Zhang, T. (., Qiao, H., Gao, Y., Tao, Y., & Liu, J. (2025) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/00472875231214743 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“With respect to policymaking, gaining a comprehensive view of the tourist rural destination restorative capacity is critical to promoting public mental health, especially during the post-COVID-19 period (Han et al., 2022).”
Eletxigerra, A., Caldeira, A. M., & Kastenholz, E. (2023) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2023.08.010 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Jog, D., Gumparthi, V. P., & Jena, S. K. (2023) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2023.11.003 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Public risk perception of cruise travel on social media: A collective sensemaking perspective
Zheng, Y., Su, L., Luo, Q., et al. (2023) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2023.08.013 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Qayyum, A., Jamil, R. A., Shah, A. M., & Lee, K. Y. (2024) · Current Issues in Tourism · doi:10.1080/13683500.2024.2387818 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Moreover, research on the association between PBE and individuals’ psychological responses, such as perceived stress, in the travel context remains limited (Clark et al., 2020; Han et al., 2022), necessitating further investigation.”
InfluentialOhnmacht, T., Hüsser, A. P., & Thao, V. T. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.940090 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Most of the literature on tourism risks has focused on perceived (subjective) risks (Rather, 2021a,b; Han et al., 2022), rather than objective risks that are known, given that tourism mostly involves uncertainties that cannot be quantified with objective probabilities (Williams and Baláž, 2013;…”
BackgroundChoudhary, V., Bag, T., & Mukherjee, S. (2025) · Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing · doi:10.1080/10548408.2025.2478102 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“This shows that the present study did not encounter any CMB-related issues (Han et al., 2022).”
Chi, X., Zhang, B., Chengcai, T., et al. (2025) · Tourism Management Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2025.101360 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Dryglas, D., & Sałamaga, M. (2023) · Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review · doi:10.15678/eber.2023.110307 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Truong, T. T. H., Nguyen, T. T. V., Nguyen, T. H. H., Tran, H. T., Huế, H. T., & Nguyen, T. M. N. (2025) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440251337199 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Therefore, risk perception is widely recognised as a determinant influencing travel intention, decision-making and behaviours (Han et al., 2022; Liang et al., 2023).”
The persuasive effects of warning messages
Lai, F., Xie, C., Zhang, J., & Huang, R. (2024) · Annals of Tourism Research · doi:10.1016/j.annals.2024.103829 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Na, B., Ahmad, N. H., Zhang, C., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.925460 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Guo, C., Lu, X., Huang, S., Zhao, Y., & Zhao, D. (2024) · International Journal of Tourism Research · doi:10.1002/jtr.2752 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Revenge tourism value co-destruction: the role of resilience and altruism
Deng, C., Shen, H. J., & Yan, Q. (2023) · Tourism Review · doi:10.1108/tr-06-2023-0378 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Changes in DMO’s Orientation and Tools to Support Organizations in the Era of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Fedyk, W., Sołtysik, M., Bagińska, J., et al. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su141811611 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Perceptions of COVID-19 Risk: How Did People Adapt to the Novel Risk?
Sepucha, K., Rudkin, A. F., Baxter-King, R., Stanton, A. L., Wenger, N. S., Vavreck, L., & Naeim, A. (2024) · Medical Decision Making · doi:10.1177/0272989x231221448 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“39,40 In general, studies have shown that risk perceptions are associated with preventive health behaviors.”
BackgroundPerceived Risk and Food Tourism: Pursuing Sustainable Food Tourism Experiences
An, S., Choi, J., Eck, T., et al. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16010013 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Addressing regional tourism policy: Tools for sustainable destination management
Pernas, J. B., Vena-Oya, J., & Melé, P. M. (2023) · Journal Of Vacation Marketing · doi:10.1177/13567667231179756 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“One theory that has gained interest in the wake of the pandemic is that tourists tend to minimise risk (in this case to their health) when planning their trip (Han et al., 2022), while other theories focus on tourists ’ personal values as the main precursor of their choices (Ahmad et al., 2020).”
Tang, J., Liu, J., & Kim, J. J. (2025) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2025.101327 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Peng, C., Zou, Y., Yang, Y., Liao, J., & Fang, Y. (2024) · Current Issues in Tourism · doi:10.1080/13683500.2024.2370392 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Tourism destinations and their managers implement appropriate risk communication strategies to promote effective marketing (Han et al., 2022).”
Managing crisis in the cruise industry: using internal communications to foster workforce resilience
Sharples, L., Fletcher-Brown, J., Nieto-García, M., Sit, K., & Viglia, G. (2023) · The Tourist Review · doi:10.1108/tr-03-2023-0150 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
How Does COVID-19 Influence Tourist Behavioral Intentions in a Post-COVID World?
Pan, Y., Li, J., Fu, X.-X., Liu, Y., & Guo, X. (2024) · Journal of China Tourism Research · doi:10.1080/19388160.2024.2332515 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Clearly, differing from the studies by Han et al. (2022) and Yao et al. (2023), this study takes a different theoretical approach (threat-based awe) to reveal that the mechanism of COVID-19 positively affects travel intentions after COVID-19.”
Abou‐Shouk, M., Bayoumy, M. S., Alzboun, N., et al. (2023) · Journal of Tourism and Services · doi:10.29036/jots.v14i27.647 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Han et al. (2022) have discussed the abilities of people to cope with potential health threats and their psychological resilience.”
BackgroundSalimah, M., Septanaya, I. D. M. F., & Navitas, P. (2023) · Jurnal Penataan Ruang · doi:10.12962/j2716179x.v18i0.17757 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Wisatawan lebih cenderung memilih destinasi wisata yang dekat dengan tempat tinggal mereka dan menghindari tempat-tempat wisata yang padat dan berisiko tinggi [7].”
Liu, W., Xu, C., Peng, Y., & Xu, X. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15129693 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Social Capital and Its Psychological Consequences on Consumer Resilience–A Mediated Moderation Model
Ozanne, L. K., Prayag, G., & Chowdhury, M. (2025) · Journal of Consumer Affairs · doi:10.1111/joca.70013 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Ozascilar, M., & Mawby, R. I. (2024) · Crime Prevention and Community Safety · doi:10.1057/s41300-024-00220-9 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
How multifaceted trust influences travel intention amidst the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from China
Jin, H., Zhang, X., & Sun, G. (2024) · Journal of Policy Research in Tourism Leisure and Events · doi:10.1080/19407963.2024.2385943 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Since the early 2000s, literature on travel risk perception has significantly increased due to ongoing threats, such as terrorism (‘9/11’ in 2001), epidemics (e.g. SARS in 2003 and H1N1 in 2009), and natural disasters (e.g. Wenchuan earthquake in 2008) (Han et al., 2022).”
Tourist Motivation and Revisitation in Jeju During COVID-19: Insights and Post-Pandemic Implications
f, F., & f, F. (2024) · GLOBAL BUSINESS & FINANCE REVIEW · doi:10.17549/gbfr.2024.29.1.85 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Kim, W., Park, E., & Chae, B. K. (2023) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology · doi:10.1108/jhtt-10-2022-0284 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Enhancing Literature Review and Understanding Under Global Pandemic
Qiao, G., Song, H., Hou, S., & Xu, J. (2023) · Risk Management and Healthcare Policy · doi:10.2147/rmhp.s393293 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Therefore, it is significant to provide more discrete forms of information at the national or international level to build public trust in travel information to manage individual judgments about risk.(68) Reliant on bibliometric methods, this study systematically provides an overview knowledge framework in the field o…”
BackgroundA longitudinal analysis of the effects of COVID-19 on tourists’ health risk perceptions
Carballo, R. R., León, C. J., & Carballo, M. M. (2024) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117230 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
How does transcendence motivate tourists with low psychological resilience to travel?
Gong, Y., Wu, Z., Liu, Y., He, X., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · Tourism Recreation Research · doi:10.1080/02508281.2025.2545806 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“While proximal defenses attempt to suppress such anxiety, these strategies can be cognitively taxing and emotionally destabilising, especially in consumption contexts that involve uncertainty – like travel (Akhter Shareef et al., 2023; Han et al., 2022; Xie, Zhang, Chen, et al., 2023).”
InfluentialPan, Y. C., Ryan, C., Liu, Y., & Liu, Z. (2025) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2025.102228 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Li, S.-S., Xu, J., Jiang, Y., Walters, G., & Lehto, X. Y. (2024) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/00472875241288852 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“For example, in the risk perception literature, S. Han et al. (2022) found that tourists’ coping approaches may depend on their risk perception.”
Singh, A., Vijila, Y., & Singh, S. (2024) · Indian Journal of Labour Economics · doi:10.1007/s41027-024-00517-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Considering the challenges confronted by migrant workers, the influence of external stressors, as discussed by Berry (2017) and Han et al. (2022), underscores the complex interplay between cultural integration, social support, and the general well-being of migrant populations (Berry 2019).”
Domestic Tourism Growth in India, Post COVID-19
Shyju, P. J., Girish, V. G., Chatterjee, K., et al. (2024) · Tourism · doi:10.37741/t.72.3.12 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Fitriaty, F., Elliyana, D., & Widiastuti, F. (2022) · Jurnal Perspektif Pembiayaan dan Pembangunan Daerah · doi:10.22437/ppd.v10i3.18136 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“It is in accordance with the research of Hossain et al. (2022) and Tarigan & Septiani (2017), who found that MSMEs with good supply chains could survive and were able to repair bad conditions more quickly due to the COVID19 pandemic.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMeng, Z., Xu, Z., Yu, X., & Shah, S. H. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-026-09221-3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“These findings extend the stress-coping theory by demonstrating that psychological resilience may be associated with both the cognitive (stimulus-appraisal) and behavioral (appraisal-behavior) stages (Han et al., 2022).”
Pasha, A., Inusah, A. S., Nayem, J., Li, X., & Qiao, S. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08926-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…of heightened stress (Lassri, 2023; Martin et al., 2021; Meyer et al., 2022), functioning as a protective factor in such contexts (de Gortari, 2023; Giusti et al., 2023; Han et al., 2022; Meyer et al., 2022; Padmanabhanunni et al., 2023; Paredes et al., 2021; Sun et al., 2021; Zheng et al., 2023).”
InfluentialTrust in crisis: media, risk, and avoidance
Xiao, J., Lin, Y., & Xu, J. (2025) · Current Issues in Tourism · doi:10.1080/13683500.2025.2589335 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A causal model of health tourism intention in the central region among Thai tourists
Satchapappichit, S., & Ingard, A. (2025) · International Journal of Spa and Wellness · doi:10.1080/24721735.2025.2502265 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Regarding health and wellness tourism, travellers’ behavioural intentions can accurately reflect the number of visitors in the market and forecast their actual travel behaviours (Fishbein & Manfredo, 1992; Han et al., 2022).”
Melé, P. M., Vena-Oya, J., & Pernas, J. B. (2023) · Investigaciones Regionales - Journal of Regional Research · doi:10.38191/iirr-jorr.23.019 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Una de las que ha cobrado mayor interés a raíz de la pandemia es la que establece que el turista tiende a minimizar el riesgo, en este caso para su salud, a la hora de planificar su viaje (Han et al., 2022).”
BackgroundFunctions and types of travel-related dark humour created during pandemics
Kolar, T., & Wattanacharoensil, W. (2023) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2023.09.007 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Grougiou, V., Hatzithomas, L., & Kapoutsis, I. (2026) · International Journal of Tourism Research · doi:10.1002/jtr.70373 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
From solo trips to group travel: how fear and perceived threats shaped travel intentions
Liu, S., Rahman, I., Nanu, L., & Bernard, S. (2026) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights · doi:10.1108/jhti-05-2025-0606 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ye, Y., Chen, K.-H., Wang, C.-M., & Hsu, L.-C. (2026) · Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing · doi:10.1080/10548408.2025.2529245 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“In studies of tourism industry employees, residents of tourism destinations, and tourist behavior, psychological resilience is often regarded as a mediator (Batool et al., 2022; Han et al., 2022; Sato et al., 2022).”
Flu and COVID-19 Epidemics in USA
Pereira, E., & Rosa, C. (2026) · Open Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.4236/ojepi.2026.161006 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sahwandi, S., Zulkefli, N. S., & Omar, S. I. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-92942-7_36 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Labben, T. G., & Ertek, G. (2024) · Computers · doi:10.3390/computers13100272
COVID-19’S IMPACT ON FOOD STALL WORKERS: NIGHT MARKETS’ RESILIENCE IN PENANG, MALAYSIA
Lay, L., Tilaki, M. J. M., Rahim, A. A., et al. (2024) · PLANNING MALAYSIA · doi:10.21837/pm.v22i34.1604 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Social behaviors, such as hygienic practices, social distancing, remote employment, and online activities, persisted for nearly two years of implementation (Abolfotouh et al., 2021; Han et al., 2022).”
BackgroundSocial Impacts of Post-Covid-19: Resilience and Recover of Tourism in Portugal
Pereira, E., & Rosa, C. (2024) · Open Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.4236/jss.2024.121018 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Social Impacts of COVID-19 on Influenza in Europe
Pereira, E., & Rosa, C. (2024) · Open Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.4236/jss.2024.126010 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“During those two years countries closed frontiers, international travelling and also countries national mobility was restricted (Han et al., 2022).”
BackgroundNasir, S., Roomi, M. A., Nasir, N., Khan, W. A., & Rashid, M. (2023) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440231216631 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“It implies low-intensity rude, impo-lite or unusual conduct with an ambiguous intention to trouble or hurt the target; it is an antisocial scenario that violates mutual respect and workplace norms (Andersson & Pearson, 1999; Han, Harold, et al. 2022; Han, Yoon, et al. 2022).”
BackgroundInfluentialLiu, J., Zuo, W., & Hu, B. (2026) · Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics · doi:10.1108/apjml-05-2026-1086
Crisis governance, legitimacy, and consumer ethics in service systems
Koufodontis, N. I., & Gala, P. (2026) · Journal of Services Marketing · doi:10.1108/jsm-01-2026-0093
Yen, H.-H., & Chen, C. (2026) · Research in Transportation Business & Management · doi:10.1016/j.rtbm.2026.101838
Extended reality (XR) resistance or exploration? Unlocking the psychological mechanism
Yang, H., Zhang, Y., Song, H., Ma, E., & Wang, D. (2026) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2026.101529
Zhang, Y. (2026) · Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism · doi:10.1016/j.jort.2026.101048
Enhancing Tourism Resilience Through a Multi-Level Approach: From Individual to Destination
Dewantara, M. H., Novais, M. A., Dupré, K., et al. (2026) · Tourism Planning & Development · doi:10.1080/21568316.2026.2707165
Liu, S., Ge, J., Wu, Y. W., et al. (2026) · Current Issues in Tourism · doi:10.1080/13683500.2026.2686426
The role of information in the digital era on managing crowding stress and tourist satisfaction
Zhang, Y., Kou, L., & Xu, H. (2026) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2026.101511
Jangam, S. D. (2026) · International Journal of Tourism Cities · doi:10.1080/20565607.2026.2693636
Le, R., Zou, Y., & Li, N. (2026) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2026.101502
Barisan, L., & Galletto, L. (2026) · Journal of Destination Marketing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.jdmm.2026.101130
Li, J., Liu, J., Jang, S. S., Yao, Y., & Zhao, Q. (2026) · Tourism Management Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2026.101476
Choudhary, V., & Mukherjee, S. (2026) · Tourism Recreation Research · doi:10.1080/02508281.2026.2660278
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Chuang, C.-M., Gong, Y., & Lan, J. (2026) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2026.101444 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Yoshimi, K., Tanimoto, K., Tanaka, Y., et al. (2026) · The Review of Socionetwork Strategies · doi:10.1007/s12626-026-00207-y
The Emotional Paradox of Travel: Exploring Adaptive and Maladaptive Coping in Post-Crisis Tourism
Biswas, J., Jhawar, A., & Varshney, S. (2026) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/00472875261424431
Why does tourist risk perception differ from actual risk? A social construction theory perspective
Lv, W., Zhang, J.-C., Wang, W., & Chen, M. (2026) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2026.101405
Social Behavior after COVID-19: Development of Tourism in Portugal
Pereira, E., & Rosa, C. (2026) · Open Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.4236/jss.2026.143019
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Resilience and travel intentions during crisis: A social perspective
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“Psychological resilience strengthens this relationship by reinforcing trust in health protocols and promoting optimism in risk management (Han et al., 2022; Weng et al., 2022).”
InfluentialHow do fears influence public transport behaviors during the peak of the pandemic?
Truong, D., & Lee, S.-A. (2025) · Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.trip.2025.101646
Emerging Rural Destinations: Multimethod Approach to Decode What Drives Consumer Behavior
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Crisis Communication and Health Crises: A Systematic Literature Review
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Multisensory Dimensions as Interdisciplinary Study
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The Awareness of Depression Among School Teachers at Smka Al-Mashoor Perempuan, Penang Island
Bahrin, F. K., Klai, M. A. L., & Yusof, M. M. (2023) · Texila international journal of public health · doi:10.21522/tijph.2013.11.04.art022
Exploring Pandemic, Research, and Data - Unveiling Solution Tourism for the Future
Rianty, R., Arafah, W., & ., N. (2023) · International Journal of Research and Review · doi:10.52403/ijrr.20231230
Fear Transition in Public Transport Behaviors During the Peak of the PandemicPreprint
Truong, D., & Lee, S.-A. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3546620/v1
PELUANG DAN TANTANGAN WISATAWAN AUSTRALIA KE BALI PASCA PANDEMI COVID-19
Tirtawati, N. M., & Dariwardani, N. M. I. (2023) · Guna Sewaka · doi:10.53977/jgs.v2i1.886
Crisis-Resistant Tourists – A Study of Hotel Online Reviews in the Times of Covid-19
Jezierski, A., Wszendybył-Skulska, E., & Kopera, S. (2022) · Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism · doi:10.2478/pjst-2022-0024
- Authors
- Han, S., Yoon, A., Kim, M. J., & Yoon, J.-H.
- Affiliations
- Kyung Hee University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Yoon, Ji-Hwan
- Venue
- Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-03
- Volume
- 50
- Pages
- 355-365
- ISSN
- 1447-6770 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8831129
- OpenAlex
- W4211174941
- Cited by
- 97
- References
- 123
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 5
- FWCI
- 25.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Kyung Hee University (KHU-20210138)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Diverse Aspects of Tourism Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, tourist behavior, travel risk perception, stress coping, psychological resilience, risk communication, emotion-focused coping, problem-focused coping, travel intention, tourism crisis management
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