Supporting the health care workforce during the COVID-19 global epidemic
Abstract
This Viewpoint discusses the importance of protecting health care workers caring for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and measures that can be taken in and out of the hospital to prevent their and their families' exposure to SARS-CoV-2.
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During outbreaks, healthcare workers experience intense pressure from increased workload, anxiety about contracting infection, fear of passing it to family, and fear of death.
“This is known to lead to immense pressure on all health care workers (HCW) due to increased workload, anxiety regarding acquiring infection or passing it on to a family member and fears of death (Chen et al., 2020; Adams and Walls, 2020)”
From Integrating mental health in COVID-19 crisis: Staff mental health referral pathway (2020) · cites this paper as Adams and Walls, 2020
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“Overall, as CV health care workers are on the front lines treating COVID-19-infected patients, all possible measures should be implemented to reduce the risk of exposure (90).”
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Intensive care management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): challenges and recommendations
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“117 Health-care workers in ICUs are especially vulnerable to mental health problems, including depression and anxiety, during outbreaks like COVID-19, because of the constant fear of being infected and the demanding workload.”
The experiences of health-care providers during the COVID-19 crisis in China: a qualitative study
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“When a health-care crisis as large as SARS-CoV-2 occurs, it is important for authorities to emphasise the importance of self-care, set maximal working hours and arrange shifts reasonably to protect health-care providers from overwork. 14 Patients with COVID-19 need both comprehensive and specific management, and the o…”
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“The interventions acquired from the literature review will be described in several sections: Supportive interventions This category includes: support of HCWs mostly provided by family members [37, 38], the government [37, 39], society/ community [6], organizations [40], and colleagues and supervisors [38, 41]; providi…”
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Jill Maben 1, 2., & Bridges, J. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.15307 · Cited by 597 · see citing works
“…working shifts and support flexible schedules where possible, ensuring that staff have sufficient recovery time and family contact outside of work (Adams & Walls 2020, Dall’Ora et al. 2019, World Health Organization 2020) Remove all non-urgent business to alleviate staff burden (non-essential…”
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“Recent research indicates that one of the greatest concerns of health personnel is the possibility of infecting others, especially family members [46].”
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“Age (median, IQR) 33 (30, 37) 32 (28, 36) 33 (29, 37) Gender Female 69 (72) 88 (94) 157 (83) Occupation Nurse 55 (57) 61 (65) 116 (61) Marital status Married 64 (67) 66 (70) 130 (68) Single/separated/divorced 32 (33) 28 (30) 60 (32) Specialty Medical oncology 44 (46) 59 (63) 103 (54) Radiation oncology 8 (8) 33 (35) 4…”
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“Health care workers, particularly those in frontline jobs working with (possibly infected) patients, face a very high level of job stressors and associated strain symptoms during the crisis PANDEMICS: IMPLICATIONS FOR IO PSYCHOLOGY 8 (see Adams & Walls, 2020).”
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“Protective actions within the home may include separating living spaces and bathrooms where possible and having a routine when arriving at home after duty, such as taking off shoes, removing and washing clothing, and immediately showering [39].”
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“In what follows, 4 major contributors to COVID-19–related occupational fatigue and burnout are discussed: (1) occupational hazards; (2) national versus locally scaled response; (3) process inefficiencies; and (4) financial instability.”
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“Preventing HCW infections is important for reducing morbidity and potential mortality, maintaining health system capacity, and reducing secondary transmission (8, 9).”
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“Therefore, it is an important indicator of psychic exhaustion (Adams and Walls, 2020; Kushal et al., 2018).”
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“…maximum working hours and reasonable shift times to protect nurses from excessive workload, providing information on ethical dilemmas that may occur in connection with the outbreak and using supportive statements and effective communication techniques (Adams & Walls, 2020; Vincent & Creteur, 2020).”
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“Being devoid of that, support can result in anxiety and depression for healthcare professionals (41, 42).”
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Awareness, Attitudes, Prevention, and Perceptions of COVID-19 Outbreak among Nurses in Saudi Arabia
AL-Dossary, R. N., Alamri, M. S., Albaqawi, H., Hosis, K. A., Aljeldah, M. M., Aljohan, M., Aljohani, K. A., Almadani, N. A., Alrasheadi, B. A., Falatah, R., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17218269 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“Adams and Walls (2020) [33] reported that during an outbreak, nurses face bigger exposure risk, tremendous workloads, ethical dilemmas, and a speedily developing practice environment that varies importantly from what is familiar, thus affecting their attitudes toward infection prevention.”
BackgroundHospital staff well‐being during the first wave of COVID‐19: Staff perspectives
Digby, R., Winton‐Brown, T., Finlayson, F., Dobson, H., & Bucknall, T. K. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.12804 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Voorhees, C. M., Fombelle, P. W., & Bone, S. A. (2020) · doi:10.1177/1094670520944606 · Cited by 110
Managing teamwork in the face of pandemic: evidence-based tips
Tannenbaum, S., Traylor, A. M., Thomas, E., & Salas, E. (2020) · BMJ Quality & Safety · doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2020-011447 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
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“Simulation and debriefs also have great potential to help healthcare workers deal with the emotional stress that they might be currently experiencing [32, 33].”
BackgroundMehanna, H., Hardman, J., Shenson, J., Abou-Foul, A. K., Topf, M. C., Alfalasi, M., Chan, J. Y. K., Chaturvedi, P., Chow, V., Dietz, A., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(20)30334-x · Cited by 107
Dong, S., Sun, J., Mao, Z., Wang, L., Lu, Y.-L., & Li, J. (2020) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.25768 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
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“k=2; N=223), with no significant heterogeneity (Q[1] = 0.”
BackgroundInfluentialImpact of COVID-19 on endoscopy trainees: an international survey
Pawlak, K., Kral, J., Khan, R., Amin, S., Bilal, M., Lui, R., Sandhu, D., Hashim, A., Bollipo, S., Charabaty, A., et al. (2020) · Gastrointestinal Endoscopy · doi:10.1016/j.gie.2020.06.010 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
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Burnout of healthcare providers during COVID-19
Bradley, M. V., & Chahar, P. (2020) · Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine · doi:10.3949/ccjm.87a.ccc051 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“5,9,10 There have also been team-based strategies adapted from those used in the military, where groups are routinely asked to work in high-stress environments.”
Variation in SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks across sub-Saharan Africa
Rice, B. L., Annapragada, A. V., Baker, R. E., Bruijning, M., Dotse‐Gborgbortsi, W., Mensah, K., Miller, I. F., Motaze, N. V., Raherinandrasana, A. H., Rajeev, M., et al. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01234-8 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
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Resilience in the time of pandemic: The experience of community pharmacists during COVID-19
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“yet health care professionals like pharmacists were required to continue to provide service and care to patients5 – and in many cases, expand their repertoire of clinical skills to assume new and even more challenging responsibilities.(6,7) At the time of writing of this paper, the full story of the novel coronavirus…”
Delikhoon, M., Guzmán, M. I., Nabizadeh, R., & Baghani, A. N. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18020395 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“A simple and cost-effective way for preventing SARS-CoV-2 distribution is by everyone to wear protective masks in public places [10,23,45,50,117,118].”
BackgroundInfluentialHealing the Healer: Protecting Emergency Health Care Workers’ Mental Health During COVID-19
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“Although many of us accept the increased risk of infection as part of our chosen profession, some may have concerns about family transmission or feel pressure to comply because of fear of losing their job, desire to be part of the team, and altruistic goals of caring for patients in need.(13) As a result of these issu…”
Burnout and the challenges facing pharmacists during COVID-19: results of a national survey
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“This issue has been shown by many studies on healthcare professionals’ experience when facing the COVID-19 pandemic to be one that needs to be urgently addressed (Adams and Walls, 2020; Selman et al., 2020; Williamson et al., 2020).”
BackgroundChild protection in the time of COVID‐19
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Nurses at the Front Line of COVID-19: Roles, Responsibilities, Risks, and Rights
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“Impacts of responsibility burden are an issue that many healthcare professionals faced during the COVID-19 pandemic, and need to be urgently addressed [8].”
BackgroundNeurosurgery Residents' Perspective on COVID-19: Knowledge, Readiness, and Impact of this Pandemic
Alhaj, A., Al-Saadi, T., Mohammad, F., & Alabri, S. (2020) · World Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2020.05.087 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“” 18 In our data, this pandemic negatively affected the mental health of 90% of the participants.”
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Understanding employees’ responses to the COVID‐19 pandemic: The attractiveness of healthcare jobs
Al‐Abrrow, H., Al-Maatoq, M., Alharbi, R., Alnoor, A., Abdullah, H., Abbas, S., & Khattak, Z. Z. (2020) · Global Business and Organizational Excellence · doi:10.1002/joe.22070 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“This pressure is due to the burden of illnesses that stresses the health system's capacity and adversely affects the healthcare workers, including the risk of infection (Adams & Walls, 2020).”
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Influence of nanotechnology in polymeric textiles, applications, and fight against COVID-19
Idumah, C. I. (2020) · Journal of the Textile Institute · doi:10.1080/00405000.2020.1858600 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“AgNPs/CNTs hybrid composite synthesized from nebulization of aerosol along with heat evaporation/condensation procedures have been utilized as antimicrobial air filtering material (Adams & Walls, 2020).”
Method
- Authors
- Adams, J. G., & Walls, R. M.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Adams, James G.
- ORCID
- Adams, James G.
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2020-04-21
- Volume
- 323
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 1439
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- OpenAlex
- W3010574983
- Cited by
- 1,498
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 79 · 2023: 142 · 2022: 265 · 2021: 420 · 2020: 526 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 353.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare Systems and Challenges
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Infection Control and Ventilation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Infection Control in Healthcare
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, healthcare workers, occupational exposure, infection control, personal protective equipment, family exposure
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, Workforce, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Health Personnel, Humans, Pneumonia, Viral, Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional, Coronavirus Infections, Disease Transmission, Infectious, Pandemics
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