Green Space Quality and Health: A Systematic Review
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(1) Background: As cities densify, researcher and policy focus is intensifying on which green space types and qualities are important for health. We conducted a systematic review to examine whether particular green space types and qualities have been shown to provide health benefits and if so, which specific types and qualities, and which health outcomes. (2) Methods: We searched five databases from inception up to June 30, 2021. We included all studies examining a wide range of green space characteristics on various health outcomes. (3) Results: 68 articles from 59 studies were found, with a high degree of heterogeneity in study designs, definitions of quality and outcomes. Most studies were cross-sectional, ecological or cohort studies. Environment types, vegetation types, and the size and connectivity of green spaces were associated with improved health outcomes, though with contingencies by age and gender. Health benefits were more consistently observed in areas with greater tree canopy, but not grassland. The main outcomes with evidence of health benefits included allergic respiratory conditions, cardiovascular conditions and psychological wellbeing. Both objectively and subjectively measured qualities demonstrated associations with health outcomes. (4) Conclusion: Experimental studies and longitudinal cohort studies will strengthen current evidence. Evidence was lacking for needs-specific or culturally-appropriate amenities and soundscape characteristics. Qualities that need more in-depth investigation include indices that account for forms, patterns, and networks of objectively and subjectively measured green space qualities.
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Nature exposure is thought to be beneficial, especially for mental, cardiovascular and respiratory health.
“Nature exposure (ie, exposure to green and blue spaces) is thought to be beneficial, especially for mental, cardiovascular and respiratory health.1–4”
From Cross-sectional associations of different types of nature exposure with psychotropic, antihypertensive and asthma medication (2023) · cites this paper as [1]
The Discussion (§4.2) reports probable mental-health benefits and potential cardiovascular and respiratory benefits from green space. The Results (§3.5) also report mental restoration after coastal visits, but do not establish cardiovascular or respiratory benefits from blue-space exposure. The claim extends the three-outcome summary beyond the green spaces primarily reviewed. (LLM, conf=0.83)
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Berdejo‐Espinola, V., Fuller, R. A., & Zahnow, R. (2024) · Nature Cities · doi:10.1038/s44284-024-00058-0 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Extensive inequality of residential greenspace exposure within urban areas in China
Cao, Y., & Li, G. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174625 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Ngan, T. T., Wang, R., Tate, C., Green, M. A., Mitchell, R., Hunter, R. F., & O’Neill, C. (2024) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2024-222485 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Urban Microclimates and Their Relationship with Social Isolation: A Review
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Spending Time in Nature: The Overlooked Health Behavior
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Effects of Forest on Birdsong and Human Acoustic Perception in Urban Parks: A Case Study in Nigeria
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- Authors
- Nguyen, P.-Y., Astell-Burt, T., Rahimi-Ardabili, H., & Feng, X.
- Affiliations
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Population Wellbeing and Environment Research Lab (PowerLab), Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2033, Australia
- University of Wollongong (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Feng, Xiaoqi
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-10-20
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 21
- Pages
- 11028
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8582763
- OpenAlex
- W3206924707
- Cited by
- 420
- References
- 111
- Citations by year
- 2026: 109 · 2025: 117 · 2024: 85 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 4.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Online (University of Wollongong) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Health and Medical Research Council (1140317, 1148792, 1101065)
- Green Cities Fund (GC15005)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Urban Green Space and Health
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Urban Arborization and Environmental Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Environmental Justice and Health Disparities
- Keywords
- green space quality, urban green space, health benefits, tree canopy, grassland, cardiovascular conditions, psychological well-being, age and gender differences, soundscape
- MeSH terms
- Parks, Recreational, Cities, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Cohort Studies
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