The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews
Open accessAbstract
Background: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Statement, published in 2009, was designed to help systematic reviewers transparently report why the review was done, what the authors did and what they found. Over the last decade, there have been many advances in systematic review methodology and terminology, which have necessitated an update to the guideline.Objectives: To develop the PRISMA 2020 statement for reporting systematic reviews.Methods: We reviewed 60 documents with reporting guidance for systematic reviews to generate suggested modifications to the PRISMA 2009 statement. We sought feedback on the suggested modifications through an online survey of 110 systematic review methodologists and journal editors. The results of the review and survey were discussed at a 21-member in-person meeting. Following the meeting, drafts of the PRISMA 2020 checklist, abstract checklist, explanation and elaboration and flow diagram were generated and refined iteratively based on feedback from co-authors and a convenience sample of 15 systematic reviewers.Results: In this statement paper, we present the PRISMA 2020 27-item checklist, an expanded checklist that details reporting recommendations for each item, the PRISMA 2020 abstract checklist, and the revised flow diagrams for original and updated reviews. The checklist includes new reporting guidance that reflects advances in methods to identify, select, appraise and synthesise studies. The structure and presentation of the items have been modified to facilitate implementation. The PRISMA 2020 statement replaces the 2009 statement.Conclusions: The PRISMA 2020 statement is intended to facilitate transparent, complete and accurate reporting of systematic reviews. Improved reporting should benefit users of reviews, including guideline developers, policy makers, health care providers, patients and other stakeholders. In order to achieve this, we encourage authors, editors and peer-reviewers to adopt the guideline.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Throughout the draft and revision process, several teleconferences were held with the lead of the PRISMA 2020 statement to ensure that the content on search methods was consistent between the PRISMA 2020 and PRISMA-S guidelines.
“Throughout the draft and revision process, several teleconferences were held with the lead of the PRISMA 2020 statement (M.J.P), as an update of the 2009 PRISMA statement was in development, to ensure that the content on search methods was consistent between the PRISMA 2020 and PRISMA-S guidelines [34, 35].”
From PRISMA-S: an extension to the PRISMA Statement for Reporting Literature Searches in Systematic Reviews (2021) · cites this paper as [35]
The Development of PRISMA 2020 section describes updating the 2009 statement and circulating drafts and revisions during 2019–2020. It does not report teleconferences with the PRISMA-S team or say that the two guidelines’ search-methods content was coordinated. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe study adhered to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines for article search and selection to ensure an unbiased comparison between sub-Saharan Africa and Europe.
“The study adhered to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines for article search and selection to ensure an unbiased comparison between sub-Saharan Africa and Europe.”
From mHealth in sub-Saharan Africa and Europe: A systematic review comparing the use and availability of mHealth approaches in sub-Saharan Africa and Europe (2023) · cites this paper as [5]
The PRISMA 2020 checklist includes items for reporting search and study selection (Study selection 16a; Methods 7 Search strategy). But the Scope of the guideline says PRISMA 2020 is not intended to guide review conduct or assess methodological quality. The source therefore does not establish that following it ensured an unbiased comparison between sub-Saharan Africa and Europe. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRecording the flow of citations through the systematic review process is a key component of the PRISMA Statement.
“Recording the flow of citations through the systematic review process is a key component of the PRISMA Statement [9, 35].”
From PRISMA-S: an extension to the PRISMA Statement for Reporting Literature Searches in Systematic Reviews (2021) · cites this paper as [35]
The review was organized following the PRISMA reporting guidelines.
“The review is organized following the reporting guidelines of the PRISMA statement (Page et al., 2021)”
From Effects of COVID-19-Related School Closures on Student Achievement-A Systematic Review (2021) · cites this paper as Page et al., 2021
The PRISMA Statement was meticulously followed in this research.
“Adhering to internationally recognized systematic review guidelines, the PRISMA Statement was meticulously followed in this research [14].”
From Online Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse of Children and Adolescents with Disabilities: A Systematic Review (2024) · cites this paper as [14]
This review followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines in conjunction with the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR).
“This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines [9] in conjunction with the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) [10].”
From Climate Change and Mental Health: A Scoping Review (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation
Tricco, A. C., Lillie, E., Zarin, W., O'Brien, K. K., Colquhoun, H., Levac, D., Moher, D., Peters, M. D. J., Horsley, T., Weeks, L., et al. (2018) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m18-0850 · Cited by 43,565 · see citing works
Self-citationRoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials
Sterne, J. A. C., Savović, J., Page, M. J., Elbers, R. G., Blencowe, N. S., Boutron, I., Cates, C. J., Cheng, H.-Y., Corbett, M. S., Eldridge, S. M., et al. (2019) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.l4898 · Cited by 33,583 · see citing works
Self-citationPRISMA-P Group, Moher, D., Shamseer, L., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., Petticrew, M., Shekelle, P., & Stewart, L. A. (2015) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/2046-4053-4-1 · Cited by 26,223 · see citing works
Self-citationROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions
Sterne, J. A., Hernán, M. A., Reeves, B. C., Savović, J., Berkman, N. D., Viswanathan, M., Henry, D., Altman, D. G., Ansari, M. T., Boutron, I., et al. (2016) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.i4919 · Cited by 20,329 · see citing works
Self-citationPreferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.005 · Cited by 19,575 · see citing works
Self-citationPage, M. J., Moher, D., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., et al. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.n160 · Cited by 11,883 · see citing works
Self-citationShea, B. J., Reeves, B. C., Wells, G., Thuku, M., Hamel, C., Moran, J., Moher, D., Tugwell, P., Welch, V., Kristjansson, E., et al. (2017) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.j4008 · Cited by 10,636 · see citing works
Self-citationLiberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00136 · Cited by 10,349 · see citing works
Self-citationHutton, B., Salanti, G., Caldwell, D. M., Chaimani, A., Schmid, C. H., Cameron, C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Straus, S., Thorlund, K., Jansen, J. P., et al. (2015) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m14-2385 · Cited by 8,269 · see citing works
Self-citationSynthesis without meta-analysis (SWiM) in systematic reviews: reporting guideline
Campbell, M., McKenzie, J. E., Sowden, A., Katikireddi, S. V., Brennan, S. E., Ellis, S., Hartmann-Boyce, J., Ryan, R., Shepperd, S., Thomas, J., et al. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.l6890 · Cited by 4,628 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Handbook of Research Synthesis and Meta-Analysis
(2019) · doi:10.7758/9781610448864 · Cited by 4,553 · see citing works
Rethlefsen, M. L., Kirtley, S., Waffenschmidt, S., Ayala, A. P., Moher, D., Page, M. J., Koffel, J. B., PRISMA-S Group, Blunt, H., Brigham, T., et al. (2021) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-020-01542-z · Cited by 3,714 · see citing works
Self-citationRethlefsen, M. L., Kirtley, S., Waffenschmidt, S., Ayala, A. P., Moher, D., Page, M. J., & Koffel, J. (2019) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/sfc38 · Cited by 3,696 · see citing works
Self-citationEnhancing transparency in reporting the synthesis of qualitative research: ENTREQ
Tong, A., Flemming, K., McInnes, E., Oliver, S., & Craig, J. (2012) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-12-181 · Cited by 3,569 · see citing works
Updating guidance for reporting systematic reviews: development of the PRISMA 2020 statement
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., & Moher, D. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.02.003 · Cited by 3,490 · see citing works
Self-citationLiberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009) · Italian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2427/5768 · Cited by 3,374 · see citing works
Self-citationUpdating guidance for reporting systematic reviews: development of the PRISMA 2020 statement.Preprint
Page, M., McKenzie, J., Bossuyt, P., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.31222/osf.io/jb4dx · Cited by 2,883 · see citing works
Self-citationROBIS: A new tool to assess risk of bias in systematic reviews was developed
Whiting, P., Savović, J., Higgins, J. P. T., Caldwell, D. M., Reeves, B. C., Shea, B., Davies, P., Kleijnen, J., & Churchill, R. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.06.005 · Cited by 2,272 · see citing works
Self-citationMeta-analysis and the science of research synthesis
Gurevitch, J., Koricheva, J., Nakagawa, S., & Stewart, G. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature25753 · Cited by 1,709 · see citing works
Guidance for Developers of Health Research Reporting Guidelines
Moher, D., Schulz, K. F., Simera, I., & Altman, D. G. (2010) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000217 · Cited by 1,437 · see citing works
Self-citationThe nuts and bolts of PROSPERO: an international prospective register of systematic reviews
Booth, A., Clarke, M., Dooley, G., Ghersi, D., Moher, D., Petticrew, M., & Stewart, L. (2012) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/2046-4053-1-2 · Cited by 1,433 · see citing works
Self-citationFinding What Works in Health Care: Standards for Systematic Reviews
Eden, J., Levit, L. A., Berg, A. O., & Morton, S. C. (2013) · Cited by 943 · see citing works
Page, M. J., Moher, D., Bossuyt, P., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T., mulrow, C., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J., Akl, E., Brennan, S. E., et al. (2020) · doi:10.31222/osf.io/gwdhk · Cited by 916 · see citing works
Self-citationEpidemiology and reporting characteristics of systematic reviews.
Moher, D., Tetzlaff, J., Tricco, A. C., Sampson, M., & Altman, D. G. (2007) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040078 · Cited by 891 · see citing works
Self-citationPanic, N., Leoncini, E., de Belvis, G., Ricciardi, W., & Boccia, S. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083138 · Cited by 883 · see citing works
The GRADE Working Group clarifies the construct of certainty of evidence
Hultcrantz, M., Rind, D., Akl, E. A., Treweek, S., Mustafa, R. A., Iorio, A., Alper, B. S., Meerpohl, J. J., Murad, M. H., Ansari, M. T., et al. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.05.006 · Cited by 853 · see citing works
Self-citationPage, M. J., & Moher, D. (2017) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-017-0663-8 · Cited by 769 · see citing works
Self-citationPage, M. J., Shamseer, L., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Sampson, M., Tricco, A. C., Catalá-López, F., Li, L., Reid, E. K., Sarkis-Onofre, R., et al. (2016) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002028 · Cited by 768 · see citing works
Self-citationThe use of think-aloud methods in qualitative research an introduction to think-aloud methods
Charters, E. (2003) · Brock Education Journal · doi:10.26522/brocked.v12i2.38 · Cited by 748 · see citing works
PRISMA for Abstracts: Reporting Systematic Reviews in Journal and Conference Abstracts
Beller, E. M., Glasziou, P. P., Altman, D. G., Hopewell, S., Bastian, H., Chalmers, I., Gøtzsche, P. C., Lasserson, T., Tovey, D., & for the PRISMA for Abstracts Group (2013) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001419 · Cited by 706 · see citing works
Welch, V. A., Petticrew, M. P., Tugwell, P., Moher, D., Petkovic, J., Waters, E., White, H., & the PRISMA-Equity Bellagio group (2012) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001333 · Cited by 704 · see citing works
Self-citationO’Mara-Eves, A., Thomas, J., McNaught, J., Miwa, M., & Ananiadou, S. (2015) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/2046-4053-4-5 · Cited by 681 · see citing works
Self-citationMarshall, I. J., & Wallace, B. C. (2019) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-019-1074-9 · Cited by 638 · see citing works
Simera, I., Moher, D., Hirst, A., Hoey, J., Schulz, K. F., & Altman, D. G. (2010) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-8-24 · Cited by 590 · see citing works
Self-citationPRISMA harms checklist: improving harms reporting in systematic reviews
Zorzela, L., Loke, Y. K., Ioannidis, J. P., Golder, S., Santaguida, P., Altman, D. G., Moher, D., Vohra, S., & PRISMA harms group (2016) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.i157 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
Self-citationDekkers, O. M., Vandenbroucke, J. P., Cevallos, M., Renehan, A. G., Altman, D. G., & Egger, M. (2019) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002742 · Cited by 525 · see citing works
Improving reporting of meta-ethnography: the eMERGe reporting guidance
France, E. F., Cunningham, M., Ring, N., Uny, I., Duncan, E. A. S., Jepson, R. G., Maxwell, M., Roberts, R. J., Turley, R. L., Booth, A., et al. (2019) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-018-0600-0 · Cited by 469 · see citing works
Self-citationMarshall, I. J., Noel‐Storr, A., Kuiper, J., Thomas, J., & Wallace, B. C. (2018) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.1287 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Self-citationStudy flow diagrams in Cochrane systematic review updates: an adapted PRISMA flow diagram
Stovold, E., Beecher, D., Foxlee, R., & Noel-Storr, A. (2014) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/2046-4053-3-54 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Synthesising quantitative evidence in systematic reviews of complex health interventions
Higgins, J. P. T., López-López, J. A., Becker, B. J., Davies, S. R., Dawson, S., Grimshaw, J. M., McGuinness, L. A., Moore, T. H. M., Rehfuess, E. A., Thomas, J., et al. (2019) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000858 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Self-citationEstablishing a new journal for systematic review products
Moher, D., Stewart, L., & Shekelle, P. (2012) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/2046-4053-1-1 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Self-citationStevens, A., Shamseer, L., Weinstein, E., Yazdi, F., Turner, L., Thielman, J., Altman, D. G., Hirst, A., Hoey, J., Palepu, A., et al. (2014) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.g3804 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Self-citationPage, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., & Moher, D. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2019.11.010 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Self-citationWhiting, P. F., Savović, J., Higgins, J. P. T., Caldwell, D. M., Reeves, B. C., Shea, B., Davies, P. A., Kleijnen, J., Churchill, R. C., & the ROBIS Group (2018) · Recenti Progressi in Medicina · doi:10.1701/2990.29928 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, X., Chen, Y., Liu, Y., Yao, L., Estill, J. A. M., Bian, Z., Wu, T., Shang, H., Lee, M. S., Wei, D., et al. (2019) · BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12906-019-2624-3 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Barnes, C., Boutron, I., Giraudeau, B., Porcher, R., Altman, D. G., & Ravaud, P. (2015) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-015-0460-y · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citationOverviews of systematic reviews: great promise, greater challenge
McKenzie, J. E., & Brennan, S. E. (2017) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-017-0582-8 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Self-citationReproducible research practices are underused in systematic reviews of biomedical interventions
Page, M. J., Altman, D. G., Shamseer, L., McKenzie, J. E., Ahmadzai, N., Wolfe, D., Yazdi, F., Catalá-López, F., Tricco, A. C., & Moher, D. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.10.017 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationClarifying differences between reviews within evidence ecosystems
Gough, D., Thomas, J., & Oliver, S. (2019) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-019-1089-2 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationReporting guidelines: doing better for readers
Moher, D. (2018) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-018-1226-0 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationAgha, R. A., Fowler, A. J., Limb, C., Whitehurst, K., Coe, R., Sagoo, H., Jafree, D. J., Chandrakumar, C., & Gundogan, B. (2016) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2016.04.032 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Page, M. J., Altman, D. G., McKenzie, J. E., Shamseer, L., Ahmadzai, N., Wolfe, D., Yazdi, F., Catalá-López, F., Tricco, A. C., & Moher, D. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.11.022 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationImproving reporting of meta‐ethnography: The eMERGe reporting guidance
France, E. F., Cunningham, M., Ring, N., Uny, I., Duncan, E., Jepson, R. G., Maxwell, M., Roberts, R. J., Turley, R. L., Booth, A., et al. (2019) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.4915 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationChauvin, A., Ravaud, P., Moher, D., Schriger, D., Hopewell, S., Shanahan, D., Alam, S., Baron, G., Regnaux, J.-P., Crequit, P., et al. (2019) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-019-1436-0 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationMeta-analyses indexed in PsycINFO had a better completeness of reporting when they mention PRISMA
Leclercq, V., Beaudart, C., Ajamieh, S., Rabenda, V., Tirelli, E., & Bruyère, O. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2019.06.014 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Graphics and statistics for cardiology: designing effective tables for presentation and publication
Boers, M. (2018) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2017-311581 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Wayant, C., Page, M. J., & Vassar, M. (2019) · JAMA Oncology · doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.2564 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationSpeich, B., Schroter, S., Briel, M., Moher, D., Puebla, I., Clark, A., Maia Schlüssel, M., Ravaud, P., Boutron, I., & Hopewell, S. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035114 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationScoping review on interventions to improve adherence to reporting guidelines in health research
Blanco, D. (2019) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.2707079 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 9
- [5]5. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, Group P. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. BMJ. 2009;339:b2535.
- [6]6. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, Group P. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine / Public Library of Science. 2009;6(7):e1000097.
- [7]7. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, Group P. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2009;62(10):1006-12.
- [10]10. Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gotzsche PC, Ioannidis JP, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration. BMJ. 2009;339:b2700.
- [12]12. Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gotzsche PC, Ioannidis JP, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. PLoS Medicine / Public Library of Science. 2009;6(7):e1000100.
- [21]21. McKenzie JE, Brennan SE. Chapter 12: Synthesizing and presenting findings using other methods. In: Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al., editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 6.0 (updated July 2019). Available from https://training.cochrane.org/handbook: Cochrane; 2019.
- [45]45. Stewart LA, Clarke M, Rovers M, Riley RD, Simmonds M, Stewart G, et al. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of individual participant data: the PRISMA-IPD Statement. JAMA. 2015;313(16):1657-65.
- [47]47. McInnes MF, Moher D, Thombs BD, McGrath TA, Bossuyt PM, and the PRISMA-DTA Group. Preferred reporting items for a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy studies: The PRISMA-DTA statement. JAMA. 2018;319(4):388-96.
- [64]64. Mayo-Wilson E, Li T, Fusco N, Dickersin K. Practical guidance for using multiple data sources in systematic reviews and meta-analyses (with examples from the MUDS study). Research synthesis methods. 2018;9(1):2-12.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Rethlefsen, M. L., Kirtley, S., Waffenschmidt, S., Ayala, A. P., Moher, D., Page, M. J., & Koffel, J. (2019) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/sfc38 · Cited by 3,696 · see citing works
Self-citationRethlefsen, M. L., Kirtley, S., Waffenschmidt, S., Ayala, A. P., Moher, D., Page, M. J., Koffel, J. B., PRISMA-S Group, Blunt, H., Brigham, T., et al. (2021) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-020-01542-z · Cited by 3,714 · see citing works
Self-citationHaddaway, N. R., Page, M. J., Pritchard, C. C., & McGuinness, L. A. (2022) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/cl2.1230 · Cited by 3,486 · see citing works
Self-citationUpdating guidance for reporting systematic reviews: development of the PRISMA 2020 statement
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., & Moher, D. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.02.003 · Cited by 3,490 · see citing works
Self-citationGates, M., Gates, A., Pieper, D., Fernandes, R. M., Tricco, A. C., Moher, D., Brennan, S. E., Li, T., Pollock, M., Lunny, C., et al. (2022) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-070849 · Cited by 856 · see citing works
Self-citationBond, M., Khosravi, H., De Laat, M., Bergdahl, N., Negrea, V., Oxley, E., Pham, P., Chong, S. W., & Siemens, G. (2024) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-023-00436-z · Cited by 852 · see citing works
Teacher well-being: A systematic review of the research literature from the year 2000–2019
Hascher, T., & Waber, J. (2021) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2021.100411 · Cited by 680 · see citing works
Emergency remote teaching in higher education: mapping the first global online semester
Bond, M., Bedenlier, S., Marín, V. I., & Händel, M. (2021) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-021-00282-x · Cited by 527 · see citing works
Climate Change and Mental Health: A Scoping Review
Charlson, F., Ali, S., Benmarhnia, T., Pearl, M., Massazza, A., Augustinavicius, J., & Scott, J. G. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18094486 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
Cohen, C., Pignata, S., Bezak, E., Tie, M., & Childs, J. (2023) · BMJ open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071203 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
Effects of COVID-19-Related School Closures on Student Achievement-A Systematic Review
Hammerstein, S., König, C., Dreisörner, T., & Frey, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.746289 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
Digital literacy as a new determinant of health: A scoping review
Arias López, M. D. P., Ong, B. A., Borrat Frigola, X., Fernández, A. L., Hicklent, R. S., Obeles, A. J. T., Rocimo, A. M., & Celi, L. A. (2023) · PLOS Digital Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0000279 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Green Space Quality and Health: A Systematic Review
Nguyen, P.-Y., Astell-Burt, T., Rahimi-Ardabili, H., & Feng, X. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182111028 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
The impact of wearable technologies in health research: scoping review
Huhn, S., Axt, M., Gunga, H.-C., Maggioni, M. A., Munga, S., Obor, D., Sié, A., Boudo, V., Bunker, A., Sauerborn, R., et al. (2022) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/34384 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Opportunities and Challenges for ChatGPT and Large Language Models in Biomedicine and Health
Tian, S., Jin, Q., Yeganova, L., Lai, P.-T., Zhu, Q., Chen, X., Yang, Y., Chen, Q., Kim, W., Comeau, D. C., et al. (2023) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbad493 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
The potential of immersive virtual reality to enhance learning: A meta-analysis
Coban, M., Bolat, Y. I., & Goksu, I. (2022) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2022.100452 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Human-centred learning analytics and AI in education: A systematic literature review
Alfredo, R., Echeverria, V., Jin, Y., Yan, L., Swiecki, Z., Gašević, D., & Martinez-Maldonado, R. (2024) · Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100215 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
The effects of physical activity on cortisol and sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
De Nys, L., Anderson, K., Ofosu, E. F., Ryde, G. C., Connelly, J., & Whittaker, A. C. (2022) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105843 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Automated Grading and Feedback Tools for Programming Education: A Systematic Review
Messer, M., Brown, N. C. C., Kölling, M., & Shi, M. (2024) · ACM Transactions on Computing Education · doi:10.1145/3636515 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Impact of online learning on student's performance and engagement: a systematic review
Akpen, C. N., Asaolu, S., Atobatele, S., Okagbue, H., & Sampson, S. (2024) · Discover Education · doi:10.1007/s44217-024-00253-0 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Exploring automation bias in human–AI collaboration: a review and implications for explainable AI
Romeo, G., & Conti, D. (2026) · AI & SOCIETY · doi:10.1007/s00146-025-02422-7 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Neuen, B. L., Fletcher, R. A., Heath, L., Perkovic, A., Vaduganathan, M., Badve, S. V., Tuttle, K. R., Pratley, R., Gerstein, H. C., Perkovic, V., et al. (2024) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.124.071689 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Sanders, T., Noetel, M., Parker, P., Del Pozo Cruz, B., Biddle, S., Ronto, R., Hulteen, R., Parker, R., Thomas, G., De Cocker, K., et al. (2023) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-023-01712-8 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Exploring the ethical considerations of using Chat GPT in university education
Huallpa, E. A. (2023) · Periodicals of Engineering and Natural Sciences (PEN) · doi:10.21533/pen.v11i4.3770 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
The mental health impact of perinatal loss: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Herbert, D., Young, K., Pietrusińska, M., & MacBeth, A. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.026 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Mapping the ethics of generative AI: a comprehensive scoping review
Hagendorff, T. (2024) · Minds and Machines · doi:10.1007/s11023-024-09694-w · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Kandelouei, T., Abbasifard, M., Imani, D., Aslani, S., Razi, B., Fasihi, M., Shafiekhani, S., Mohammadi, K., Jamialahmadi, T., Reiner, Ž., et al. (2022) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2022/8732360 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Safety of higher doses of melatonin in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Menczel Schrire, Z., Phillips, C. L., Chapman, J. L., Duffy, S. L., Wong, G., D’Rozario, A. L., Comas, M., Raisin, I., Saini, B., Gordon, C. J., et al. (2022) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/jpi.12782 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
A systematic review on barriers and enablers toward circular procurement management
Qazi, A. A., & Appolloni, A. (2022) · Sustainable Production and Consumption · doi:10.1016/j.spc.2022.07.013 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Hamel, C., Hersi, M., Kelly, S. E., Tricco, A. C., Straus, S., Wells, G., Pham, B., & Hutton, B. (2021) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-021-01451-2 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationFernández, T., Viñuela, M., Vidal, C., & Barrera, F. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0263931 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Disclosure of suicidal ideation and behaviours: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence
Hallford, D. J., Rusanov, D., Winestone, B., Kaplan, R., Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M., & Melvin, G. (2023) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102272 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
The associations of adolescent problematic internet use with parenting: A meta-analysis
Lukavská, K., Hrabec, O., Lukavský, J., Demetrovics, Z., & Király, O. (2022) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107423 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Witarto, B. S., Visuddho, V., Witarto, A. P., Bestari, D., Sawitri, B., Melapi, T. A. S., & Wungu, C. D. K. (2022) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0274177 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Lean Healthcare Tools for Processes Evaluation: An Integrative Review.
de Barros, L. B., Bassi, L. D. C., Caldas, L. P., Sarantopoulos, A., Zeferino, E. B. B., Minatogawa, V., & Gasparino, R. C. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18147389 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
A rapid review on current and potential uses of large language models in nursing
Hobensack, M., von Gerich, H., Vyas, P., Withall, J., Peltonen, L.-M., Block, L. J., Davies, S., Chan, R., Van Bulck, L., Cho, H., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2024.104753 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Wilms, P., Schröder, J., Reer, R., & Scheit, L. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191912344 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Risk of endometrial cancer in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome: A meta‑analysis
Johnson, J.-E., Daley, D., Tarta, C., & Stanciu, P. (2023) · Oncology Letters · doi:10.3892/ol.2023.13754 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Weeda, E. R., Muraoka, A. K., Brock, M. D., & Cannon, J. M. (2021) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/ijcp.14060 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Robinson, T., Ali, M. U., Easterbrook, B., Hall, W., Jutras-Aswad, D., & Fischer, B. (2023) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722000502 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Talwar, A., Estes, E., Aparasu, R., & Reddy, D. S. (2023) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114238 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Eze, P., Ilechukwu, S., & Lawani, L. O. (2023) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0287600 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Hartmann, D., Wang, S. M., Pohlmann, L., & Berendt, B. (2025) · Journal of Computational Social Science · doi:10.1007/s42001-025-00381-z · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Groenewegen, K. L., Mooij, C. F., & van Trotsenburg, A. S. P. (2021) · Journal of Translational Autoimmunity · doi:10.1016/j.jtauto.2021.100101 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Generative AI and L2 Written Feedback Studies: A Scoping Review
Crosthwaite, P., & Sun, S. (2026) · RELC Journal · doi:10.1177/00336882251386530 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Kahale, L. A., Elkhoury, R., El Mikati, I., Pardo-Hernandez, H., Khamis, A. M., Schünemann, H. J., Haddaway, N. R., & Akl, E. A. (2022) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.51723.3 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationA meta-analysis of the relation between dream content and memory consolidation
Hudachek, L., & Wamsley, E. J. (2023) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsad111 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Konwar, M., Bose, D., Jaiswal, S. K., Maurya, M. K., & Ravi, R. (2022) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1155/2022/1201977 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Li, M., & Wilson, J. (2025) · Information · doi:10.3390/info16070519 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Feng, J., Li, Z., Tian, L., Mu, P., Hu, Y., Xiong, F., & Ma, X. (2022) · BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies · doi:10.1186/s12906-022-03740-9 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Aboye, G. T., Vande Walle, M., Simegn, G. L., & Aerts, J.-M. (2023) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076231180972 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Rapid maxillary expansion versus watchful waiting in pediatric OSA: A systematic review
Fernández-Barriales, M., Lafuente-Ibáñez de Mendoza, I., Alonso-Fernández Pacheco, J. J., & Aguirre-Urizar, J. M. (2022) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101609 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Biomarkers of ketamine’s antidepressant effect: An umbrella review
Meshkat, S., Ho, R. C., Cao, B., Teopiz, K. M., Rosenblat, J. D., Rhee, T. G., Di Vincenzo, J. D., Ceban, F., Jawad, M. Y., & McIntyre, R. S. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.021 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Adapting shift work schedules for sleep quality, sleep duration, and sleepiness in shift workers
Hulsegge, G., Coenen, P., Gascon, G. M., Pahwa, M., Greiner, B., Bohane, C., Wong, I. S., Liira, J., Riera, R., & Pachito, D. V. (2023) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010639.pub2 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Kamrul-Hasan, A. B. M., Alam, M. S., Dutta, D., Sasikanth, T., Aalpona, F. T. Z., & Nagendra, L. (2025) · Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.3803/enm.2024.2164 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Hunniford, V. T., Grudniewicz, A., Fergusson, D. A., Montroy, J., Grigor, E., Lansdell, C., Lalu, M. M., & On behalf of The Canadian Critical Care Translational Biology Group (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.76300 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationIs there a role for N1-N2 neutrophil phenotypes in bone regeneration? A systematic review
Lu, F., Verleg, S. M. N. E., Groven, R. V. M., Poeze, M., van Griensven, M., & Blokhuis, T. J. (2024) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2024.117021 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Han, X., Chen, W., Gao, Z., Lv, X., Sun, Y., Yang, X., & Shan, H. (2021) · Annals of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.21037/apm-21-3626 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Younis, H. A., Ruhaiyem, N. I. R., Badr, A. A., Abdul-Hassan, A. K., Alfadli, I. M., Binjumah, W. M., Altuwaijri, E. A., & Nasser, M. (2023) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr11051488 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Efficacy of online intervention for ADHD: a meta-analysis and systematic review
Shou, S., Xiu, S., Li, Y., Zhang, N., Yu, J., Ding, J., & Wang, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.854810 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
van Ewijk, R., Cleirec, M., Herold, N., le Deley, M.-C., van Eijkelenburg, N., Boudou-Rouquette, P., Risbourg, S., Strauss, S. J., Palmerini, E., Boye, K., et al. (2023) · Cancer Treatment Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.ctrv.2023.102625 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Álvarez-Guerrero, G., Fry, D., Lu, M., & Gaitis, K. K. (2024) · Disabilities · doi:10.3390/disabilities4020017 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Muneer, S., Santhosh, M., Parangusan, H., & Bhadra, J. (2026) · International Journal of Technology and Design Education · doi:10.1007/s10798-025-10005-2 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Role of Nasal Surgery in Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Systematic Review
Correa, E. J., Conti, D. M., Moreno-Luna, R., Sánchez-Gómez, S., & O'Connor Reina, C. (2024) · Sleep Science · doi:10.1055/s-0044-1782527 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Media literacy education for parents: A systematic literature review
Haywood, A., & Sembiante, S. (2023) · Journal of Media Literacy Education · doi:10.23860/jmle-2023-15-3-7 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Wang, B., Gould, R. L., Kumar, P., Pikett, L., Thompson, B., Gonzalez, S. C., & Bamiou, D.-E. (2022) · American Journal of Audiology · doi:10.1044/2022_aja-21-00162 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Baeza-Velasco, C., Vergne, J., Poli, M., Kalisch, L., & Calati, R. (2025) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613251328059 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Jötten, L., Steinkraus, K. C., Traub, B., Graf, S., Mihaljevic, A. L., Kornmann, M., Michalski, C. W., & Hüttner, F. J. (2022) · BJS Open · doi:10.1093/bjsopen/zrac139 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Hernandez-Lucas, P., Leirós-Rodríguez, R., Lopez-Barreiro, J., & García-Soidán, J. L. (2024) · Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation · doi:10.3233/bmr-230252 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Huang, Y., Zhou, W., Liu, S., Zeng, D., & Zhou, W. (2024) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2024.148397 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Long-term neurological consequences following benzodiazepine exposure: A scoping review
Shade, K. N., Ritvo, A. D., Silvernail, B., Finlayson, A. J. R., Bressi, J. E., Foster, D. E., Martin, I. J., Piper, C., & Martin, P. R. (2025) · PLOS One · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0330277 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Evolution of DevSecOps and Its Influence on Application Security: A Systematic Literature Review
Mohammed, K., Shanmugam, B., & El-Den, J. (2025) · Technologies · doi:10.3390/technologies13120548 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Osborne, K.-L., Munasinghe, S., & Page, A. (2025) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-025-00871-8 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Sanduvete-Chaves, S., Chacón-Moscoso, S., & Cano-García, F. J. (2024) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2024.111888 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Gates, M., Gates, A., Pieper, D., Fernandes, R., Tricco, A., Moher, D., Brennan, S. E., Li, T., Pollock, M., Lunny, C., et al. (2022) · doi:10.31222/osf.io/23b6j · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationRayyan, M. I. R., Fardhani, I. M., & Shabri, H. A. (2023) · Jurnal Kedokteran Syiah Kuala · doi:10.24815/jks.v23i2.32232 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A Scoping Review of Adopted Information Extraction Methods for RCTs.
Aletaha, A., Nemati-Anaraki, L., Keshtkar, A., Sedghi, S., Keramatfar, A., & Korolyova, A. (2023) · Medical Journal of The Islamic Republic of Iran · doi:10.47176/mjiri.37.95 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Anthuvan, T., Nagendra, L., Lakhani, O., Prabhuram, S., Rizvi, A. H., Maheshwari, K., & Kalra, S. (2025) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5394918 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Uvelli, A., Ribaudo, C., Gualtieri, G., Coluccia, A., & Ferretti, F. (2023) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2981092/v1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
LLM-as-a-Judge in Healthcare: A Scoping Analysis of Applications, Methods, and Human Alignment
Li, L., Li, D., Chen, C., Ma, R., Yu, R., Lin, M., Yin, R., Fan, L., Shyr, C., Ma, S., et al. (2026) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.25273 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Zhang, L., Li, Y.-Y., Liu, X.-H., Liu, H.-J., & Xu, Q. (2025) · PLOS One · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0329676 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Page, M. J., McKenzie, J., Bossuyt, P., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T., mulrow, C., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J., Akl, E., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., McGuinness, L. A., Stewart, L., Thomas, J., Tricco, A., Welch, V. A., Whiting, P., & Moher, D.
- Affiliations
- Queen's University (CA)
- Monash University (AU)
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers (NL)
- Inserm (FR)
- Bond University (AU)
- The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center (US)
- University of Ottawa (CA)
- McMaster University (CA)
- Oregon Health & Science University (US)
- University of Southern Denmark (DK)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Indiana University Bloomington (US)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- University College London (GB)
- St. Michael's Hospital (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Page, Matthew James
- ORCID
- Page, Matthew James
- McKenzie, Joanne
- Bossuyt, Patrick
- Boutron, Isabelle
- Hoffmann, Tammy
- Shamseer, Larissa
- Tetzlaff, Jennifer
- Akl, Elie
- Brennan, Sue E
- Chou, Roger
- Glanville, Julie
- Grimshaw, Jeremy
- Hróbjartsson, Asbjørn
- Lalu, Manoj Mathew
- Li, Tianjing
- Loder, Elizabeth
- Mayo-Wilson, Evan
- McDonald, Steve
- McGuinness, Luke A
- Stewart, Lesley
- Thomas, James
- Tricco, Andrea
- Welch, Vivian Andrea
- Whiting, Penny
- Moher, David
- Publisher
- Center for Open Science
- Published
- 2020-09-14
- OpenAlex
- W4236476849
- Cited by
- 5,177
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 295 · 2025: 694 · 2024: 1484 · 2023: 1465 · 2022: 906 · 2021: 300 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 3 · 2014: 4
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- MetArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- MetArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (DRF-2018-11-ST2-048)
- Ottawa Hospital Anesthesia Alternate Funds Association
- National Institutes of Health
- Medical Research Council
- Australian Research Council (DE200101618)
- National Health and Medical Research Council (1088535, 1154607, 1143429)
- National Eye Institute (UG1EY020522)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Clinical practice guidelines implementation
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Delphi Technique in Research
- Keywords
- PRISMA 2020, reporting guidelines, systematic reviews, reporting checklist, transparency in research reporting, flowcharts, meta-analysis reporting, peer review
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
