The DOI matches its Crossref record; 119 of the 120 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Scoping Review on the Prevalence and Determinants of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder among Military Personnel and Firefighters: Implications for Public Policy and Practice
Open accessAbstract
Introduction: Firefighters and military personnel are public safety personnel who protect the safety of individuals and their properties. They are usually exposed to traumatic events leaving them at risk of developing mental health conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Increasing concern is being raised regarding the mental health impacts, specifically PTSD, among military personnel and firefighters. Objective: There is an increased exposure of firefighters and military personnel to traumatic events and the attendant risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder. It is crucial to ascertain the level of PTSD amongst this cohort and determinants to formulate policies and practices that mitigate the risk and protect public safety personnel. This scoping review sought to determine the prevalence of PTSD among this cohort globally and to explore determinants of this mental health condition. Methods: A literature search in databases including MEDLINE, CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO, and EMBASE was conducted electronically from May 2021 to 31 July 2021. Two reviewers independently assessed full-text articles according to the predefined inclusion criteria and screening process undertaken to identify studies for the review. Articles were screened with a third reviewer, resolving conflicts where necessary and further assessing them for eligibility. During article selection, the PRISMA checklist was adopted, and with the Covidence software, a total of 32 articles were selected for the final examination. For the eligible studies, data extraction was conducted, information was collated and summarized, and the findings were reported. Original qualitative and quantitative data on the prevalence and predictors of PTSD among veterans, military, and firefighters were reported. Results: The prevalence of PTSD was 57% for firefighters and 37.8% for military personnel. Demographic factors, job factors, social support, injuries, physical and psychological factors, and individual traits were the main predictors of PTSD in this cohort. Conclusion: This information is vital for developing and implementing prevention and intervention strategies for PTSD in military personnel and firefighters. Recognizing and addressing factors that predict PTSD will help to improve mental wellbeing and increase productivity. More peer-reviewed studies are needed on the prevalence of PTSD amongst these cohorts.
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“a recent review reported the PTSD prevalence in firefighters to be as high as 57% [66].”
From The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [66]
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“Psychological measurement has played a central role in the fields of human-computer interaction and computersupported cooperative work [33,61,98,131,133].”
From Measuring the Mental Health of Content Reviewers, a Systematic Review (2025) · cites this paper as [133]
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Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369
PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation
Tricco, A. C., Lillie, E., Zarin, W., O'Brien, K. K., Colquhoun, H., Levac, D., Moher, D., Peters, M. D. J., Horsley, T., Weeks, L., et al. (2018) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m18-0850 · Cited by 43,565
Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework
Arksey, H., & O'Malley, L. (2005) · International Journal of Social Research Methodology · doi:10.1080/1364557032000119616 · Cited by 36,742
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey
Kessler, R. C. (1995) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012 · Cited by 10,379 · cited 2×
“(1995) revealed that about one-third of individuals who experience an episode of PTSD never recover, even after many years [102].”
BackgroundMeta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults
Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., & Valentine, J. D. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.5.748 · Cited by 5,243
Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: a meta-analysis
Ozer, E. J., Best, S. R., Lipsey, T. L., & Weiss, D. S. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.1.52 · Cited by 3,322 · cited 2×
“(2003) revealed that psychological processes during the traumatic event are the most significant predictors of PTSD [91].”
BackgroundHoge, C. W., Auchterlonie, J. L., & Milliken, C. S. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.295.9.1023 · Cited by 2,027
A meta-analysis of risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents
Trickey, D., Siddaway, A. P., Meiser-Stedman, R., Serpell, L., & Field, A. P. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.12.001 · Cited by 828
Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression in Late Life
Lebowitz, B. D. (1997) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.278.14.1186 · Cited by 812
CREAMER, M., Burgess, P. M., & McFARLANE, A. C. (2001) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291701004287 · Cited by 794
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 120 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Shih, 2010, Prevalence of PTSD and major depression following trauma-center hospitalization, J. Trauma, 69, 1560
- Liu, 2016, Risk factors associated with post-traumatic stress disorder among Uyghur and Han veterans in Xinjiang region of China, Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med., 9, 22232
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Items 101–112 of 112
Jung, J.-Y., & Kim, G.-G. (2026) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph23050635
Grunsted, P., Xu, C., Janitz, A., Reese, J., Campbell, J., Santiago-Rodriguez, T. M., Cregeen, S. J., Petrosino, J. F., & Hwang, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Microbiomes · doi:10.3389/frmbi.2026.1832151
Chae, S. J., Kim, J. I., Jo, H., Song, Y. M., Jeon, S., Moon, S.-Y., Lee, J., Oh, S., Chung, S., Kim, J. K., et al. (2026) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-026-08151-5
Silva, L. D. D., Alleaume, B., & Coq, J.-M. (2026) · International Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/00207411.2026.2705603
Lenaert, B., Barry, T. J., Hertog, I. T., & Lommen, M. J. J. (2026) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2026.2696100
de Oliveira, A. M., & de Lucca, S. R. (2026) · Revista Brasileira de Saúde Ocupacional · doi:10.1590/2317-6369/20725pt2026v51e16
Angelin, A. S. D. O., & de Lucca, S. R. (2026) · Revista Brasileira de Saúde Ocupacional · doi:10.1590/2317-6369/20725en2026v51e16
Mohanty, I., Niyonsenga, T., Salvador‐Carulla, L., Woods, C., & Lukersmith, S. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0353179
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Supporting Mental Health in EMS Clinicians: A NAEMSP Position Statement and Resource Document
Lulla, A., Crowe, R. P., Donnelly, E. A., Isaacs, S. M., Lincoln, E. W., Maloney, L. M., Miller, D., Morshedi, B. B., Svancarek, B., & Dorsett, M. (2026) · Prehospital Emergency Care · doi:10.1080/10903127.2026.2740139
Živoder, A., Beršnak, J. V., & Humer, Ž. (2026) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440261501759
Metadata
- Authors
- Obuobi-Donkor, G., Oluwasina, F., Nkire, N., & Agyapong, V. I. O.
- Affiliations
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Dalhousie University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Obuobi-Donkor, Gloria
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2022-01-29
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1565
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8834704
- OpenAlex
- W4210461510
- Cited by
- 111
- References
- 120
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 9
- FWCI
- 3.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Government of Alberta (N/A)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational Health and Performance
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, firefighters, military personnel, prevalence, risk factors, occupational trauma exposure, public safety personnel, veterans, social support, PTSD prevention, mental health policy
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Military Personnel, Public Policy, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Prevalence, Firefighters
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