Overcrowding and Hazardous Dwelling Condition Characteristics: A Systematic Search and Scoping Review of Relevance for Health
Open accessAbstract
Crowding in dwellings is an important public health issue. We hypothesize that overcrowding may cause indirect health effects by adversely affecting the dwelling itself, for example, by increasing dampness leading to mold. We therefore performed a systematic search and a scoping review on overcrowding leading to dwelling condition characteristics of relevance for health. A literature search was performed using the PubMed and Scopus databases up to 5 March 2021. The search yielded 100 records with relevant information. We found that overcrowding is defined in numerous ways and often address “socially deprived” populations. Six studies report associations of overcrowding with at least one dwelling condition characteristic, namely lead, cadmium, microorganism distribution, dust mite and cockroach allergens in dust, cockroach infestation, peeling paint, and mold. One of the studies reports associations between several characteristics, e.g., association of mold with cleanliness and rodent infestation, and points out the common use of pesticides. Additional characteristics were extracted from the remaining 94 records, without data on statistical associations with overcrowding. Our review suggests that multiple potentially hazardous dwelling condition characteristics often coincide in overcrowded dwellings. The epidemiological attribution of health effects to any characteristic is therefore difficult. Causal relationships are even more difficult to establish, as overcrowding is also associated with a range of social and other circumstances that may affect health. The complexity should be considered by scientists and practitioners dealing with overcrowding in dwellings.
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Homes with structural defects can have higher levels of indoor air pollutants, and homes with many occupants per square foot of space can also have higher levels.
“Homes that have structural defects can have higher levels of indoor air pollutants [3], as can homes with many occupants per square foot of space [4].”
From Prevalence of indoor air pollutants from First Nation homes in North Central British Columbia, Canada (2024) · cites this paper as [4]
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- Authors
- Lorentzen, J. C., Johanson, G., Björk, F., & Stensson, S.
- Affiliations
- Region Stockholm (SE)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology (SE)
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Lorentzen, Johnny C.
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2022-11-23
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 15542
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9736286
- OpenAlex
- W4309830323
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 111
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3
- FWCI
- 0.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- The Swedish Research Council FORMAS (2018-00295)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban and Rural Development Challenges
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Energy and Environment Impacts
- Keywords
- housing overcrowding, lead exposure, cadmium, cockroach allergens, house dust mite allergens, cockroach infestation, rodent infestation, pesticide use, paint peeling, household cleanliness, social deprivation, health effects of housing
- MeSH terms
- Allergens, Animals, Cockroaches, Crowding, Dust, Fungi, Paint
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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