The DOI matches its Crossref record; 7 of the 7 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Fetal Growth Following Electronic Cigarette Use in Pregnancy
Abstract
Electronic cigarette (e-cig) use in pregnancy is common, but potential effects on fetal development are largely unknown. This study’s goal was to examine the association between e-cig exposure and fetal growth. Data were extracted from medical charts in this single-site retrospective study. The sample, excluding those with known tobacco, alcohol, illicit drug, opioid, and benzodiazepine use, contained women who used e-cigs throughout pregnancy and non-e-cig user controls. Fetal size measurements from second- and third-trimester ultrasounds and at birth were expressed as percentiles for gestational age. Following adjustment for confounding factors, in the second trimester, only femur length was significant, with an adjusted deficit of 11.5 percentile points for e-cig exposure compared to controls. By the third trimester, the femur length difference was 28.5 points, with the fetal weight difference also significant (17.2 points). At birth, all three size parameter differences between groups were significant. Significant size deficits were predicted by prenatal e-cig exposure, becoming larger and impacting more parameters with increasing gestation. While additional studies are warranted to confirm and expand upon these findings, this study adds to emerging data pointing to specific harms following e-cig exposure in pregnancy and suggests that e-cigs may not be a “safer” alternative to combustible cigarette smoking in pregnancy.
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“We found k = 5 studies59,62,68–70 that assessed gestational age and found there was no significant difference between ENDS-exposed (n = 597) vs non-exposed (n = 54 460) neonates (SMD = 0.8, [−0.30, 0.47], P = .65; see Figure 4). The test for heterogeneity was not significant (I2 = 0.0, P = .25).”
From Birth outcomes following intrauterine exposure to electronic nicotine delivery systems: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2026) · cites this paper as [70]
In the citing paper
“One study found ENDS-exposed neonates were significantly shorter with a smaller head circumference compared to non-exposed neonates.70”
From Birth outcomes following intrauterine exposure to electronic nicotine delivery systems: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2026) · cites this paper as [70]
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Cites
Orzabal, M. R., Lunde-Young, E. R., Ramirez, J. I., Howe, S. Y. F., Naik, V. D., Lee, J., Heaps, C. L., Threadgill, D. W., & Ramadoss, J. (2019) · Translational Research · doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2019.01.001 · Cited by 91 · cited 1×
“In relation to prenatal exposure to e-cig vapor in mouse models, some studies demonstrated a significant reduction in birth weight [11,12], as well as decreased adult weight [13,14].”
BackgroundWang, X., Lee, N. L., & Burstyn, I. (2020) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106041 · Cited by 86
Adverse Birth Outcomes Associated With Prepregnancy and Prenatal Electronic Cigarette Use
Regan, A. K., Bombard, J. M., O’Hegarty, M. M., Smith, R. A., & Tong, V. T. (2021) · Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0000000000004432 · Cited by 74 · cited 1×
“Human studies have found e-cig use in pregnancy to be linked to increased risk for babies being born SGA [15–17], LBW [16,18–20], and preterm [16,18,19].”
BackgroundKim, S., & Oancea, S. C. (2020) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-020-03247-6 · Cited by 74
Cardenas, V., Cen, R., Clemens, M., Moody, H., Ekanem, U., Policherla, A., Fischbach, L., Eswaran, H., Magann, E., Delongchamp, R., et al. (2019) · Tobacco Induced Diseases · doi:10.18332/tid/106089 · Cited by 72
Regan, A. K., & Pereira, G. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-92930-5 · Cited by 43
Associations between electronic nicotine delivery systems and birth outcomes
Hawkins, S. S., Wylie, B. J., & Hacker, M. R. (2022) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767058.2021.1929156 · Cited by 26
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Johnstone, S., Schenkel, A., Canazzi, S., Eiden, R. D., & Hawk, Jr. (2026) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntag118 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Bailey, B. A., Azar, M., Nadolski, K., & Dodge, P.
- Affiliations
- Department of Foundational Sciences, Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2024-09-04
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1179
- ISSN
- 1660-4601
- PMC
- PMC11431261
- Cited by
- 7
- References
- 7
- Language
- en
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