Use of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) by pregnant women I: Risk of small-for-gestational-age birth
Open accessAbstract
INTRODUCTION: The 2016 US Surgeon General's Report suggests that the use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) is a fetal risk factor. However, no previous study has estimated their effect on adverse pregnancy outcomes. We assessed the prevalence of current ENDS use in pregnant women and explored the effect on birth weight and smallness-for-gestational-age (SGA), correcting for misclassification from nondisclosure of smoking status. METHODS: We conducted a cohort study with 248 pregnant women using questionnaire data and biomarkers (salivary cotinine, exhaled carbon monoxide, and hair nicotine). We evaluated the association between birth weight and the risk of SGA by applying multivariate linear and log-binomial regression to reproductive outcome data for 232 participants. Participants who did not disclose their smoking status were excluded from the referent group. Sensitivity analysis corrected for misclassification of smoking/ENDS use status. RESULTS: The prevalence of current ENDS use among pregnant women was 6.8% (95% CI: 4.4-10.2%); most of these (75%) were concurrent smokers. Using self-reports, the estimated risk ratio of SGA for ENDS users was nearly two times the risk in the unexposed (RR=1.9, 95% CI: 0.6-5.5), and over three times that for ENDS-only users versus the unexposed (RR=3.1, 95% CI: 0.8-11.7). Excluding from the referent group smokers who did not disclose their smoking status, the risk of SGA for ENDS-only use was 5 times the risk in the unexposed (RR=5.1, 95% CI: 1.1- 22.2), and almost four times for all types of ENDS users (RR=3.8, 95% CI: 1.3-11.2). SGA risk ratios for ENDS users, corrected for misclassification due to self-report, were 6.5-8.5 times that of the unexposed. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that ENDS use is associated with an increased risk of SGA.
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Six studies verified only smoking status.
“six verified only smoking status (33,34,37,40,41,44]”
From Vaping during pregnancy: a systematic review of health outcomes. (2024) · cites this paper as [34]
The Introduction (page unavailable) says the study aimed to assess the validity of self-reported ENDS use and cigarette smoking using biomarkers. The Results section reports biomarker comparisons for both ENDS users and smokers, contrary to describing this study as verifying only smoking status. This paper alone cannot establish the citing sentence’s count of six studies. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTwo recent epidemiological studies in humans have associated e-cigarette use with an increased risk for low birthweight and fetal growth restriction.
“Two recent epidemiological studies in humans have associated e-cigarette use with an increased risk for low birthweight and fetal growth restriction [173–175].”
From Prenatal nicotine exposure during pregnancy results in adverse neurodevelopmental alterations and neurobehavioral deficits (2023) · cites this paper as [173]
The Results (Birth weight outcomes and ENDS use/smoking status; page not available) report an increased risk of small-for-gestational-age birth among ENDS users after excluding misclassified tobacco users, supporting the fetal-growth portion of the claim. The paper does not report an increased risk of low birthweight as a separate outcome; it says the birth-weight z-score difference was significant only for cigarette smokers. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEight of ten studies comparing SGA or MBC prevalence between exclusive-vapers and non-users reported no significant differences.
“Eight of ten studies comparing SGA or MBC prevalence between exclusive-vapers and non-users reported no significant differences [32, 34, 35, 42, 46, 50, 53, 54].”
From Vaping during pregnancy: a systematic review of health outcomes. (2024) · cites this paper as [34]
The Results (Birth weight outcomes and ENDS use/smoking status) report that the self-report-based comparison of SGA risk for ENDS-only users versus unexposed non-users was not statistically significant. But the same section reports a significant increase after excluding misclassified tobacco users from the comparison group. This single study also cannot establish the claim’s count of eight out of ten studies. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOne study revealed that 51% of those reporting being non-users, and not having exposure to second-hand smoke or vaping, were subsequently found to have salivary cotinine or CO levels compatible with tobacco use.
“one study revealed that 51% of those reporting being non-users, and not having exposure to second-hand smoke or vaping, were subsequently found to have salivary cotinine or CO levels compatible with tobacco use [34].”
From Vaping during pregnancy: a systematic review of health outcomes. (2024) · cites this paper as [34]
Among eight studies comparing exclusive-vaping and non-use, four reported similar birth weight.
“Among eight studies comparing exclusive-vaping and non-use, four reported similar BW [34, 40, 42, 46]”
From Vaping during pregnancy: a systematic review of health outcomes. (2024) · cites this paper as [34]
Of three studies comparing dual-users and non-users, one detected no significant group differences in LBW/BW.
“Of three studies comparing dual-users and non-users, one detected no significant group differences [34]”
From Vaping during pregnancy: a systematic review of health outcomes. (2024) · cites this paper as [34]
Four studies reported that exclusive-vaping did not have a significantly different risk of LBW/BW than non-use.
“In summary, for LBW/BW, four studies reported that exclusive-vaping did not have a significantly different risk than non-use [34, 40, 42, 46]”
From Vaping during pregnancy: a systematic review of health outcomes. (2024) · cites this paper as [34]
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Additional file 1 of Vaping during pregnancy: a systematic review of health outcomes
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- Authors
- Cardenas, V., Cen, R., Clemens, M., Moody, H., Ekanem, U., Policherla, A., Fischbach, L., Eswaran, H., Magann, E., Delongchamp, R., & Boysen, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (US)
- University of Uyo (NG)
- Arkansas Department of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cardenas, Victor
- ORCID
- Venue
- Tobacco Induced Diseases
- Publisher
- E.U. European Publishing
- Published
- 2019-05-21
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- May
- Pages
- 44-44
- ISSN
- 1617-9625 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6662791
- OpenAlex
- W2945642065
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 7.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Tobacco Induced Diseases (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- University of Arkansas
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000039)
- Medical Research Council
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Pregnancy and preeclampsia studies
- Keywords
- electronic cigarettes, pregnant women, small-for-gestational-age birth, birth weight, fetal risk factors, salivary cotinine, exhaled carbon monoxide, hair nicotine, adverse pregnancy outcomes
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