Indirect Potable Reuse: A Sustainable Water Supply Alternative

Rodriguez, Clemencia; Van Buynder, Paul; Lugg, Richard; Blair, Palenque; Devine, Brian; Cook, Angus; Weinstein, Philip

doi:10.3390/ijerph6031174

Cited by 210Wastewater Treatment and ReuseMembrane Separation TechnologiesFecal contamination and water quality

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Indirect Potable Reuse: A Sustainable Water Supply Alternative

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Rodriguez, Clemencia, Van Buynder, Paul, Lugg, Richard, Blair, Palenque, Devine, Brian, Cook, Angus, Weinstein, Philip·2009·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

DOI 10.3390/ijerph6031174PMC PMC2672392

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Abstract

The growing scarcity of potable water supplies is among the most important issues facing many cities, in particular those using single sources of water that are climate dependent. Consequently, urban centers are looking to alternative sources of water supply that can supplement variable rainfall and meet the demands of population growth. A diversified portfolio of water sources is required to ensure public health, as well as social, economical and environmental sustainability. One of the options considered is the augmentation of drinking water supplies with advanced treated recycled water. This paper aims to provide a state of the art review of water recycling for drinking purposes with emphasis on membrane treatment processes. An overview of significant indirect potable reuse projects is presented followed by a description of the epidemiological and toxicological studies evaluating any potential human health impacts. Finally, a summary of key operational measures to protect human health and the areas that require further research are discussed.

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Wastewater treatment plants do not properly address the removal of emerging micropollutants such as pesticides, and thus these compounds contaminate water sources of public drinking water systems.
“Wastewater treatment plants do not properly address the removal of emerging micropollutants, such as pesticides, and thus these compounds contaminate water sources of public drinking water systems.”
From Development of hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents for extraction of pesticides from aqueous environments (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
The Recycled Water Quality and Monitoring section (page unavailable) reports contaminants in secondary effluent and herbicides in water sources used for public drinking supplies. The Existing Indirect Potable Reuse Projects section (page unavailable) also reports herbicides in recycled water after microfiltration. But the paper says unplanned reuse has the potential to increase micropollutants and that advanced treatment can remove most of them; it does not establish the claim’s blanket causal statement about wastewater treatment plants. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Conventional drinking water treatment plant multistep processes (adsorption, membrane filtration, ozonation, chlorination) were not specifically designed to remove pesticides and are not effective for pesticide removal.
“Although conventional Drinking Water Treatment Plant (DWTP) multistep treatment processes use advanced technologies as adsorption, membrane fi ltration, ozonation and chlorination, none was speci fi cally designed to remove pesticides and thus are not effective [15,16].”
From Development of hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents for extraction of pesticides from aqueous environments (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
The “Recycled Water Quality and Monitoring” section says conventional drinking-water treatment failed to remove some trace contaminants, including commonly detected herbicides. But the “Membrane Treatment and the Multiple Barrier Approach” section says reverse osmosis removes pesticides. The paper does not say that the listed technologies were not designed for pesticide removal or that they are collectively ineffective. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Authors: Rodriguez, C., Van Buynder, P., Lugg, R., Blair, P., Devine, B., Cook, A., & Weinstein, P.
Affiliations: The University of Western Australia (AU)
Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Grace Vaughan House 227 Stubbs Terrace, Shenton Park, WA 6008 Western Australia, Australia
Government of Western Australia (AU)
Water Corporation of Western Australia (Australia) (AU)
Corresponding author: Rodriguez, Clemencia
ORCID: Cook, Angus
Weinstein, Philip
Venue: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Publisher: MDPI AG
Published: 2009-03-17
Volume: 6
Issue: 3
Pages: 1174-1203
ISSN: 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph6031174
PMC: PMC2672392
OpenAlex: W1987953032
Cited by: 210
References: 60
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 0.72
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (vor)
Locations: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
UniSA Research Outputs Repository (University of South Australia) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Digital Library Of The Commons Repository (Indiana University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Curtin University of Technology
Office of Science
DOD Prostate Cancer Research Program
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Membrane Separation Technologies
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Fecal contamination and water quality
Keywords: indirect potable reuse, water reuse, membrane treatment, drinking water supply, water scarcity, reclaimed water, human health effects, toxicology, water reuse regulation, urban water supply
MeSH terms: Conservation of Natural Resources, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Public Health, Epidemiologic Studies, Water Purification, Toxicity Tests

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Indirect Potable Reuse: A Sustainable Water Supply Alternative

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