Acute Toxicity-Supported Chronic Toxicity Prediction: A k-Nearest Neighbor Coupled Read-Across Strategy
Open accessAbstract
A k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) classification model was constructed for 118 RDT NEDO (Repeated Dose Toxicity New Energy and industrial technology Development Organization; currently known as the Hazard Evaluation Support System (HESS)) database chemicals, employing two acute toxicity (LD50)-based classes as a response and using a series of eight PaDEL software-derived fingerprints as predictor variables. A model developed using Estate type fingerprints correctly predicted the LD50 classes for 70 of 94 training set chemicals and 19 of 24 test set chemicals. An individual category was formed for each of the chemicals by extracting its corresponding k-analogs that were identified by k-NN classification. These categories were used to perform the read-across study for prediction of the chronic toxicity, i.e., Lowest Observed Effect Levels (LOEL). We have successfully predicted the LOELs of 54 of 70 training set chemicals (77%) and 14 of 19 test set chemicals (74%) to within an order of magnitude from their experimental LOEL values. Given the success thus far, we conclude that if the k-NN model predicts LD50 classes correctly for a certain chemical, then the k-analogs of such a chemical can be successfully used for data gap filling for the LOEL. This model should support the in silico prediction of repeated dose toxicity.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Chavan et al. classified LD50 values using k-NN and predicted LOEL to measure chronic toxicity, with R square of test set only 0.54.
“Chavan et al. classified the LD50 values of compounds using k-NN. Based on the classification, they predicted the LOEL (lowest observed effect level), which was then used to measure chronic toxicity. The R square value of the test set was only 0.54, however [93].”
From Machine Learning Based Toxicity Prediction: From Chemical Structural Description to Transcriptome Analysis (2018) · cites this paper as [93]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Nearest neighbor pattern classification
Cover, T., & Hart, P. (1967) · IEEE Transactions on Information Theory · doi:10.1109/tit.1967.1053964 · Cited by 16,936 · see citing works
The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique
(1960) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1960.tb73127.x · Cited by 5,002 · see citing works
PaDEL‐descriptor: An open source software to calculate molecular descriptors and fingerprints
Yap, C. W. (2010) · Journal of Computational Chemistry · doi:10.1002/jcc.21707 · Cited by 2,979 · see citing works
Predicting new molecular targets for known drugs
Keiser, M. J., Setola, V., Irwin, J. J., Laggner, C., Abbas, A. I., Hufeisen, S. J., Jensen, N. H., Kuijer, M. B., Matos, R. C., Tran, T. B., et al. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08506 · Cited by 1,667 · see citing works
Estimation of toxic hazard—A decision tree approach
Cramer, G. M., Ford, R. A., & Hall, R. L. (1976) · Food and Cosmetics Toxicology · doi:10.1016/s0015-6264(76)80522-6 · Cited by 1,571 · see citing works
PubChem: a public information system for analyzing bioactivities of small molecules
Wang, Y., Xiao, J., Önal-Süzek, T., Zhang, J., Wang, J., & Bryant, S. H. (2009) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkp456 · Cited by 1,465 · see citing works
ChemSpider: An Online Chemical Information Resource
Pence, H. E., & Williams, A. J. (2010) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/ed100697w · Cited by 1,277 · see citing works
Classification tools in chemistry. Part 1: linear models. PLS-DA
Ballabio, D., & Consonni, V. (2013) · Analytical Methods · doi:10.1039/c3ay40582f · Cited by 1,270 · see citing works
Polypharmacology: Challenges and Opportunities in Drug Discovery: Miniperspective
Anighoro, A., Bajorath, J., & Rastelli, G. (2014) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jm5006463 · Cited by 1,131 · see citing works
The Chemistry Development Kit (CDK): An Open-Source Java Library for Chemo- and Bioinformatics
Steinbeck, C., Han, Y., Kühn, S., Horlacher, O., Luttmann, E., & Willighagen, E. (2003) · Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences · doi:10.1021/ci025584y · Cited by 1,111 · see citing works
Hall, L. H., & Kier, L. B. (1995) · Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences · doi:10.1021/ci00028a014 · Cited by 770 · see citing works
Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS)
(2016) · Globally harmonized system of classification and labelling of chemicals · doi:10.18356/a6a925c3-en · Cited by 511 · see citing works
Fundamentals of aquatic toxicology : methods and applications
Rand, G. M., & Petrocelli, S. R. (1985) · Hemisphere Pub. Corp. eBooks · Cited by 330 · see citing works
BINARY (PRESENCE-ABSENCE) SIMILARITY COEFFICIENTS
Cheetham, A. H., & Hazel, J. E. (1969) · Journal of Paleontology · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Abassi, Y. A., Xi, B., Zhang, W., Ye, P., Kirstein, S. L., Gaylord, M. R., Feinstein, S. C., Wang, X., & Xu, X. Y. (2009) · Chemistry & Biology · doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2009.05.011 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
The Nearest Neighbor Classification Rule with a Reject Option
Hellman, M. E. (1970) · IEEE Transactions on Systems Science and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/tssc.1970.300339 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Metabolic activation and drug toxicity
Nelson, S. D. (1982) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jm00349a001 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
A generalized k-nearest neighbor rule
Patrick, E. A., & Fischer, F. P. (1970) · Information and Control · doi:10.1016/s0019-9958(70)90081-1 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Targeted Cancer Therapies in the Twenty-First Century: Lessons From Imatinib
Stegmeier, F. P., Warmuth, M., Sellers, W. R., & Dorsch, M. (2010) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1038/clpt.2009.297 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Kowalski, B. R., & Bender, C. F. (1972) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac60316a008 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Kenaga, E. E. (1982) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.5620010410 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Use of category approaches, read-across and (Q)SAR: General considerations
Patlewicz, G. Y., Ball, N. S., Booth, E. D., Hulzebos, E., Zvinavashe, E., & Hennes, C. (2013) · Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.06.002 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Enoch, S. J., Cronin, M., Schultz, T. W., & Madden, J. C. (2008) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/tx700322g · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Patlewicz, G. Y., Simon, T. W., Rowlands, J. C., Budinsky, R. A., & Becker, R. A. (2015) · Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.02.011 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
TOXNET: An evolving web resource for toxicology and environmental health information
Wexler, P. (2001) · Toxicology · doi:10.1016/s0300-483x(00)00337-1 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Sakuratani, Y., Zhang, H. Q., Nishikawa, S., Yamazaki, K., Yamada, T., Yamada, J., Gerova, K. D., Chankov, G., Mekenyan, O. G., & Hayashi, M. (2013) · SAR and QSAR in environmental research · doi:10.1080/1062936x.2013.773375 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Modeling Oral Rat Chronic Toxicity
Mazzatorta, P., Estévez, M. D., Coulet, M., & Schilter, B. (2008) · Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling · doi:10.1021/ci8001974 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
The Sigma-Aldrich library of regulatory and safety data
Lenga, R. E., & Votoupal, K. L. (1993) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Kumar, A., CORRELL, R. L., Grocke, S. G., & Bajet, C. M. (2009) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.09.001 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Review of QSAR Models and Software Tools for predicting Acute and Chronic Systemic Toxicity
Lapenna, S., Gatnik, M. F., & Andrew, W. (2010) · Joint Research Centre (European Commission) · doi:10.2788/60766 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Freidig, A. P., Verhaar, H. J. M., & Hermens, J. L. M. (1999) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es990251b · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Mumtaz, M. M., Knauf, L. A., Reisman, D., Peirano, W. B., DeRosa, C. T., Gombar, V. K., Enslein, K., Carter, J. R., Blake, B. W., Huque, K. I., et al. (1995) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/0378-4274(95)03365-r · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Towards Global QSAR Model Building for Acute Toxicity: Munro Database Case Study
Chavan, S., Nicholls, I. A., Karlsson, B., Rosengren, A. M., Ballabio, D., Consonni, V., & Todeschini, R. (2014) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms151018162 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationA Fast K Nearest Neighbors Classification Algorithm
Pan, J., Qiao, Y., & Sun, S. (2004) · IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics Communications and Computer Sciences · Cited by 35 · see citing works
k-nearest neighbour method: The influence of data transformations and metrics
Todeschini, R. (1989) · Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems · doi:10.1016/0169-7439(89)80086-3 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Chemical Category Formation and Read-Across for the Prediction of Toxicity
Enoch, S. J. (2009) · Challenges and advances in computational chemistry and physics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9783-6_7 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Spielmann, H., Sauer, U. G., & Mekenyan, O. (2011) · Alternatives to Laboratory Animals · doi:10.1177/026119291103900509 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
A k-NN algorithm for predicting oral sub-chronic toxicity in the rat
Gadaleta, D. (2014) · ALTEX · doi:10.14573/altex.1405091 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
True prediction of lowest observed adverse effect levels
García‐Domenech, R., de Julián‐Ortiz, J. V., & Besalú, E. (2006) · Molecular Diversity · doi:10.1007/s11030-005-9007-z · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Reducing, Refining and Replacing the Use of Animals in Toxicity Testing
(2013) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781849737920 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
de Julián‐Ortiz, J. V., García‐Domenech, R., Gálvez, J., & Pogliani, L. (2005) · SAR and QSAR in environmental research · doi:10.1080/10659360500036927 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
A k-NN algorithm for predicting oral sub-chronic toxicity in the rat - Supplementary Data
Gadaleta, D. (2014) · ALTEX · doi:10.14573/altex.1405091s · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Rhodes (1997) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4636(19971215)37:4
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Concepts of Artificial Intelligence for Computer-Assisted Drug Discovery
Yang, X. Y., Wang, Y., Byrne, R., Schneider, G., & Yang, S. (2019) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00728 · Cited by 1,045 · see citing works
Wu, Y., & Wang, G. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19082358 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Hou, P., Jolliet, O., Zhu, J., & Xu, M. (2019) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.105393 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Sharma, B., Chenthamarakshan, V., Dhurandhar, A., Pereira, S., Hendler, J., Dordick, J. S., & Das, P. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-31169-8 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
The Artificial Intelligence-Powered New Era in Pharmaceutical Research and Development: A Review
Suriyaamporn, P., Pamornpathomkul, B., Patrojanasophon, P., Ngawhirunpat, T., Rojanarata, T., & Opanasopit, P. (2024) · AAPS PharmSciTech · doi:10.1208/s12249-024-02901-y · Cited by 77 · see citing works
GGL-Tox: Geometric Graph Learning for Toxicity Prediction
Jiang, J., Wang, R., & Wei, G. (2021) · Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling · doi:10.1021/acs.jcim.0c01294 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Efficient Toxicity Prediction via Simple Features Using Shallow Neural Networks and Decision Trees
Karim, A., Mishra, A., Newton, M. A. H., & Sattar, A. (2019) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.8b03173 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Banerjee, A., Kar, S., Roy, K., Patlewicz, G. Y., Charest, N., Benfenati, E., & Cronin, M. (2024) · Critical Reviews in Toxicology · doi:10.1080/10408444.2024.2386260 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Leveraging machine learning models in evaluating ADMET properties for drug discovery and development
Magesh, V., Rao, G. C., Karthik, M. J., & Maddi, S. (2025) · ADMET & DMPK · doi:10.5599/admet.2772 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
MolToxPred: small molecule toxicity prediction using machine learning approach
Anjali, S., Jani, V., Sonavane, U., & Joshi, R. (2024) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/d3ra07322j · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Identification of structural alerts for liver and kidney toxicity using repeated dose toxicity data
Pizzo, F., Gadaleta, D., Lombardo, A., Nicolotti, O., & Benfenati, E. (2015) · Chemistry Central Journal · doi:10.1186/s13065-015-0139-7 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
A k-nearest neighbor classification of hERG K+ channel blockers
Chavan, S., Abdelaziz, A., Wiklander, J. G., & Nicholls, I. A. (2016) · Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design · doi:10.1007/s10822-016-9898-z · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationNoga, M., Michalska, A., & Jurowski, K. (2023) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-023-03632-y · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Predicting Dose-Range Chemical Toxicity using Novel Hybrid Deep Machine-Learning Method
Limbu, S., Zakka, C., & Dakshanamurthy, S. (2022) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics10110706 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Gadaleta, D., Marzo, M., Toropov, A. A., Toropova, A. P., Lavado, G. J., Escher, S. E., Dorne, J. L. C. M., & Benfenati, E. (2020) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00176 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Noga, M., Michalska, A., & Jurowski, K. (2024) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-024-03714-5 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Schmidt, F. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.11534-x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Noga, M., Michalska, A., & Jurowski, K. (2024) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-024-03695-5 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Noga, M., & Jurowski, K. (2024) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.4c00105 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Matsuzaka, Y., & Uesawa, Y. (2023) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr11041296 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Prediction and Interpretation Microglia Cytotoxicity by Machine Learning
Liu, Q., He, D., Fan, M., Wang, J., Cui, Z., Wang, H., Mi, Y., Li, N., Meng, Q., & Hou, Y. W. (2024) · Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling · doi:10.1021/acs.jcim.4c00366 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Co‐model for chemical toxicity prediction based on multi‐task deep learning
Li, Y. Y., Chen, L., Pu, C., Zang, C., Yan, Y., Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., & Liu, H. (2023) · Molecular Informatics · doi:10.1002/minf.202200257 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Yang, Y., Yang, Z., Pang, X., Cao, H., Sun, Y., Wang, L., Zhou, Z., Wang, P., Liang, Y., & Wang, Y. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176095 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Pizzo, F., Gadaleta, D., & Benfenati, E. (2022) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-1960-5_11 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Jurowski, K., & Niżnik, Ł. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25115867 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Lee, S., Ok, S.-Y., Moon, H., Seo, S., & Ra, J. (2024) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics12010096 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Kalhor, S., & Fattahi, A. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-74250-6 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Explaining Chemical Toxicity using Missing FeaturesPreprint
Lim, K. W., Sharma, B., Das, P., Chenthamarakshan, V., & Dordick, J. S. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2009.12199 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Reexamining the acute toxicity of chloropicrin: Comprehensive estimation using in silico methods
Noga, M., & Jurowski, K. (2025) · Toxicology in Vitro · doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2025.106033 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Noga, M., & Jurowski, K. (2025) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-025-04000-8 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Jurowski, K., & Kobylarz, D. (2025) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2025.05.012 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ghanimi, R., Chouikri, K., Ghanimi, I., Ghanimi, F., & Soulaymani, A. (2023) · Data & Metadata · doi:10.56294/dm2023110 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Predicting Environmental Chemical Toxicity using a New Hybrid Deep Machine Learning MethodPreprint
Limbu, S., Zakka, C., & Dakshanamurthy, S. (2021) · ChemRxiv · doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.13726258 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Niżnik, Ł., Jabłońska, K., Orczyk, M., Orzechowska, M., Toporowska-Kaźmierak, J., Sowińska, M., Jasińska, J., & Jurowski, K. (2024) · Toxicology in Vitro · doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105891 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ghanimi, R., Ghanimi, F., Ghanimi, I., & Soulaymani, A. (2023) · Data & Metadata · doi:10.56294/dm2023114 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kumar, S., Kumar, S., Bithel, N., Sharma, A., & Pandey, A. (2026) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2026.158512 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Detection of Pesticide Responsible of Intoxication: An Artificial Intelligence Based Method
Ghanimi, R., Ghanimi, F., Ghanimi, I., & Soulaymani, A. (2024) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-48465-0_12 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Predicting Environmental Chemical Toxicity using a New Hybrid Deep Machine Learning MethodPreprint
Limbu, S., Zakka, C., & Dakshanamurthy, S. (2021) · ChemRxiv · doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.13726258.v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Predicting the Toxicity of Biomolecules Using Graph Kernel
Manimegalai, R., Susmeta, A., Umayal, V. R., & Mohan, V. (2025) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-88297-5_9
Artificial intelligence in the discovery of new antibiotics
Saddari, A., Dalli, M., Lahmer, M., Ezrari, S., & Maleb, A. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-34059-8.00018-x
Theodori, A., Papavasileiou, K. D., Tsoumanis, A., Melagraki, G., & Afantitis, A. (2026) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics14020152
Ukaegbu, D. C., Kopańska, K., Ranslow, P. B. D., & Maertens, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Toxicology · doi:10.3389/ftox.2026.1739746
Islam, B., Irwan, J., Wijaya, L., ter Braak, B., Jamalpoor, A., Meijer, T., Budin, C., de Boer, T., Liu, S., Wedler, M., et al. (2026) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-026-04554-1
- Authors
- Chavan, S., Friedman, R., & Nicholls, I.
- Affiliations
- Linnaeus University (SE)
- Uppsala University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Chavan, Swapnil
- Nicholls, Ian
- Venue
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2015-05-21
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 11659-11677
- ISSN
- 1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4463722
- OpenAlex
- W2096810557
- Cited by
- 43
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 1.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Diva portal (Dalarna University Library) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Uppsala University Publications (Uppsala University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- European Commission (238701)
- KU Leuven
- Linnéuniversitetet
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computational Theory and Mathematics › Computational Drug Discovery Methods
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Machine Learning in Materials Science
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Physical and Theoretical Chemistry › History and advancements in chemistry
- Keywords
- acute toxicity prediction, k-nearest neighbors, read-across, lowest observed effect level, LD50, repeated-dose toxicity, chemical fingerprints, data gap filling, in silico toxicity prediction
- MeSH terms
- Computer Simulation, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Humans, Lethal Dose 50, Models, Biological, Software, Cluster Analysis, Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Drug Discovery
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review