Modifications in Glass Ionomer Cements: Nano-Sized Fillers and Bioactive Nanoceramics
Open accessAbstract
Glass ionomer cements (GICs) are being used for a wide range of applications in dentistry. In order to overcome the poor mechanical properties of glass ionomers, several modifications have been introduced to the conventional GICs. Nanotechnology involves the use of systems, modifications or materials the size of which is in the range of 1–100 nm. Nano-modification of conventional GICs and resin modified GICs (RMGICs) can be achieved by incorporation of nano-sized fillers to RMGICs, reducing the size of the glass particles, and introducing nano-sized bioceramics to the glass powder. Studies suggest that the commercially available nano-filled RMGIC does not hold any significant advantage over conventional RMGICs as far as the mechanical and bonding properties are concerned. Conversely, incorporation of nano-sized apatite crystals not only increases the mechanical properties of conventional GICs, but also can enhance fluoride release and bioactivity. By increasing the crystallinity of the set matrix, apatites can make the set cement chemically more stable, insoluble, and improve the bond strength with tooth structure. Increased fluoride release can also reduce and arrest secondary caries. However, due to a lack of long-term clinical studies, the use of nano-modified glass ionomers is still limited in daily clinical dentistry. In addition to the in vitro and in vivo studies, more randomized clinical trials are required to justify the use of these promising materials. The aim of this paper is to review the modification performed in GIC-based materials to improve their physicochemical properties.
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The reduced mechanical strength and wear resistance of GIC limit its application in high-stress regions like molars.
“Nonetheless, the reduced mechanical strength and wear resistance of GIC limit its application in high-stress regions like molars.”
From Minimally Invasive Techniques for Managing Dental Caries in Children: Efficacy, Applications, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [62]
The Introduction says GICs are brittle, have poor wear resistance and poor mechanical properties, and that these drawbacks restrict their clinical use. It does not specifically identify molars or high-stress regions as restricted applications. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBioactive materials enhance aesthetics, especially in pediatric dentistry, where modified resin-based bioactive materials offer a more visually appealing alternative to conventional glass ionomer cement.
“Furthermore, these materials play a significant role in enhancing aesthetics, especially in the field of pediatric dentistry, where modified resin-based bioactive materials offer a more visually appealing alternative to conventional glass ionomer cement [62].”
From Minimally Invasive Techniques for Managing Dental Caries in Children: Efficacy, Applications, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [62]
Section 3.3 reports that nanoparticles improve the aesthetic properties of dental resin composites and that smaller GIC fillers make restorations smoother and easier to polish. The Introduction also identifies deciduous-tooth restoration as a use of GICs. Neither passage establishes that modified resin-based bioactive materials are a more visually appealing alternative to conventional GIC specifically in pediatric dentistry. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe increased expense of bioactive materials compared to conventional options limits their availability, especially in low-resource environments where cost-effectiveness is a significant issue.
“The increased expense of bioactive materials in comparison to conventional options limits their availability, especially in low-resource environments where cost-effectiveness is a significant issue [62].”
From Minimally Invasive Techniques for Managing Dental Caries in Children: Efficacy, Applications, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [62]
The Introduction discusses the bioactive properties of glass ionomer cements, but does not address their price or availability. Searches for cost, expense, cost-effectiveness, and low-resource settings found no passage in our copy supporting the claimed comparison or access limitation. (LLM, conf=0.70)
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“Indeed, several studies have suggested that the cumulative fluoride release from nano-RMGICs and conventional RMGICs are comparable with each other but still significantly lesser than conventional GICs [79,119,120].”
BackgroundThe biocompatibility of glass-ionomer cement in joint replacement: Bulk testing
Jonck, L., Grobbelaar, C., & Strating, H. (1989) · Clinical Materials · doi:10.1016/0267-6605(89)90001-2 · Cited by 89 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In addition, due to their high bioactivity, GICs may also be used as bone cements [36].”
BackgroundFlexural strength and flexural fatigue properties of resin-modified glass ionomers.
Pameijer, C. H., Garcı́a-Godoy, F., Morrow, B. R., & Jefferies, S. R. (2015) · PubMed · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Dimensional changes of demineralized dentin treated with HEMA primers
Nakaoki, Y., Nikaido, T., Pereira, P. N. R., Inokoshi, S., & Tagami, J. (2000) · Dental Materials · doi:10.1016/s0109-5641(00)00042-7 · Cited by 85 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, the use of specific dentin pre-treatments with functional primers may prevent the collapse of dentinal collagen fibers and improve the bonding performance of resin adhesive as well as RMGICs [88,89].”
BackgroundMitsuhashi, A., Hanaoka, K., & Teranaka, T. (2003) · Dental Materials · doi:10.1016/s0109-5641(03)00022-8 · Cited by 81 · cited 2× · see citing works
“However, even if using smaller particles (>5 μm) has revealed to improve mechanical properties remarkably [102], the challenge that remains prevalent even in RMGICs is the poor surface properties compared to resin composite restorations [3,101].”
BackgroundAndersson-Wenckert, I. E., van Dijken, J. W. V., & Kieri, C. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Miklaszewski, A. (2012) · doi:10.1201/b13255-12 · Cited by 76 · cited 1×
“Due to their chemistry being similar to that of mineralized bone and dental tissues, hydroxypatite and fluorohydroxyapatite have been used in many fields of dentistry such as implant dentistry [71], and caries prevention [59,72].”
BackgroundThe importance of size-exclusion characteristics of type I collagen in bonding to dentin matrices
Takahashi, M., Nakajima, M., Tagami, J., Scheffel, D. L. S., Carvalho, R. M., Mazzoni, A., Cadenaro, M., Tezvergil‐Mutluay, A., Breschi, L., Tjäderhane, L., et al. (2013) · Acta Biomaterialia · doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2013.07.037 · Cited by 75 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Such aggressive dentine pre-treatments should not be adopted when using GIC-based materials [32,34,77,95], because their polyalkeonic polymers are excluded from permeating into dentine collagen [96].”
BackgroundLee, J.-J., Lee, Y.-K., Choi, B.-J., Lee, J. H., Choi, H.-J., Son, H.-K., Hwang, J., & Kim, S. (2010) · Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology · doi:10.1166/jnn.2010.2422 · Cited by 72 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Additionally, decreasing the particle size of apatites from micrometer scale to nanometer scale increases the surface area remarkably, and infiltration of the crystals into demineralised dentine as well as enamel pores; this may enhance bonding at the tooth-ionomer interface [78].”
BackgroundKao, E. C., Culbertson, B. M., & Xie, D. (1996) · Dental Materials · doi:10.1016/s0109-5641(96)80063-7 · Cited by 72 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Additionally, modification of GICs by incorporation polyvinyl phosphonic acid [48,49], fiber-reinforcement [50], bioactive apatite without [43] or with zirconia [51,52], zinc [53,54], strontium oxide [55], stainless steel [56], silica particles [57], amino acids [58], and N-vinylpyrrolidone [45] have all aimed at impr…”
MethodA fluoride-releasing composite for dental applications
Glasspoole, E. A., Erickson, R. L., & Davidson, C. L. (2001) · Dental Materials · doi:10.1016/s0109-5641(00)00051-8 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Ten years' clinical evaluation of three luting cements
Jokstad, A., & Mjör, I. A. (1996) · Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1016/0300-5712(95)00076-3 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Fluoride release from aesthetic dental materials
Preston, A. J., Mair, L. H., Agalamanyi, E. A., & Higham, S. M. (1999) · Journal of Oral Rehabilitation · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2842.1999.00357.x · Cited by 70 · see citing works
van Dijken, J. W. V. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Caluwé, T. D., Vercruysse, C., Fraeyman, S., & Verbeeck, R. M. H. (2014) · Dental Materials · doi:10.1016/j.dental.2014.06.003 · Cited by 67 · cited 1× · see citing works
“showed that doping conventional GICs with nano-sized glass particles can decrease the setting time and enhance the compression strength and elastic modulus [68].”
BackgroundFluoride recharge of aesthetic dental materials
Preston, A. J., Higham, S. M., Agalamanyi, E. A., & Mair, L. H. (1999) · Journal of Oral Rehabilitation · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2842.1999.00502.x · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Influence of Chemical Degradation on the Surface Properties of Nano Restorative Materials
de Paula, A., Fúcio, S., Alonso, R., Ambrosano, G. M. B., & Puppin‐Rontani, R. M. (2013) · Operative Dentistry · doi:10.2341/12-340 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Randomized Clinical Trial of Two Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Materials: 1-year Results
Perdigão, J., Dutra-Corrêa, M., Saraceni, S., Ciaramicoli, M. T., & Kiyan, V. H. (2012) · Operative Dentistry · doi:10.2341/11-415-c · Cited by 63 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A randomized clinical trial investigating the performance of nano-RMGIC compared to conventional GIC and resin composites showed that there is no difference in one year survival of either type of restoration [98].”
BackgroundThe Chemistry of Medical and Dental Materials
Young, A. (2003) · doi:10.1034/j.1601-0825.2003.00963.x · Cited by 61 · cited 1×
“The concept of using synthetic biomaterials to replace lost or damaged tissue is not new [1,2].”
BackgroundPhysical Properties of Stainless-steel and Silver-reinforced Glass-ionomer Cements
Kerby, R. E., & Bleiholder, R. F. (1991) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/00220345910700100801 · Cited by 59 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Additionally, modification of GICs by incorporation polyvinyl phosphonic acid [48,49], fiber-reinforcement [50], bioactive apatite without [43] or with zirconia [51,52], zinc [53,54], strontium oxide [55], stainless steel [56], silica particles [57], amino acids [58], and N-vinylpyrrolidone [45] have all aimed at impr…”
MethodSidhu, S. K., & Schmalz, G. (2001) · PubMed · doi:10.25405/ncl.34601328 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
The effect of early water contact on glass-ionomer cements.
Um, C., & Oilo, G. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Fluoride release profile of a nanofilled resin-modified glass ionomer cement
Paschoal, M. A. B., Gurgel, C. V., Ríos, D., Magalhães, A. C., Buzalaf, M. A. R., & Machado, M. A. D. A. M. (2011) · Brazilian Dental Journal · doi:10.1590/s0103-64402011000400002 · Cited by 58 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Indeed, several studies have suggested that the cumulative fluoride release from nano-RMGICs and conventional RMGICs are comparable with each other but still significantly lesser than conventional GICs [79,119,120].”
BackgroundSauro, S., Watson, T. F., Thompson, I., Toledano, M., Nucci, C., & Banerjee, A. (2012) · European Journal Of Oral Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0722.2012.00939.x · Cited by 58 · cited 2× · see citing works
“It requires removal of the caries-infected dental tissues in order to arrest caries and induces dental remineralization while utilizing the healing potential of glass ionomer cements [26,35].”
BackgroundSelf-citationJaved, F., Vohra, F. A., Zafar, M. S., & Almas, K. (2014) · Implant Dentistry · doi:10.1097/id.0000000000000161 · Cited by 57 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Due to their chemistry being similar to that of mineralized bone and dental tissues, hydroxypatite and fluorohydroxyapatite have been used in many fields of dentistry such as implant dentistry [71], and caries prevention [59,72].”
BackgroundA long-term study on the setting reaction of glass ionomer cements by 27Al MAS-NMR spectroscopy
Zainuddin, N., Karpukhina, N. G., Hill, R. G., & Law, R. V. (2008) · Dental Materials · doi:10.1016/j.dental.2008.07.008 · Cited by 57 · cited 1× · see citing works
“suggests that aluminum may remain in the cement structure for up to one year [19].”
BackgroundBiodegradation and Abrasive Wear of Nano Restorative Materials
de Paula, A. B., Fúcio, S., Ambrosano, G., Alonso, R., Sardi, J. D. C. O., & Puppin‐Rontani, R. M. (2011) · Operative Dentistry · doi:10.2341/10-221-l · Cited by 56 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Although purely mechanical degradation (abrasion) produced by tooth brushing simulates surface wear of nano-RMGCs to a significantly lesser degree compared to conventional RMGICs, in vitro studies suggest that there is no statistical difference between the surface roughness and hardness of nano-RMGICs and conventional…”
ResultClinical evaluation of glass ionomers and compomers in Class V carious lesions.
Ai, A., Alhadainy, H. A. H., & Garcı́a-Godoy, F. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Lin, J., Zhu, J., Gu, X., Wen, W., Li, Q., Fischer-Brandies, H., Wang, H., & Mehl, C. (2010) · Acta Biomaterialia · doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2010.10.029 · Cited by 54 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Furthermore, addition of nHAp, nFAp and nanofluorohydroxyapatite to RMGICs can lead to an increased surface area, due to an increased filler-loading that may lead to improvements in the mechanical properties and bonding strength to the tooth [105].”
BackgroundReactive fibre reinforced glass ionomer cements
Lohbauer, U., Walker, J., Sa, N., Werner, J., Clare, A. G., Petschelt, A., & Greil, P. (2003) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/s0142-9612(03)00130-3 · Cited by 51 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Additionally, modification of GICs by incorporation polyvinyl phosphonic acid [48,49], fiber-reinforcement [50], bioactive apatite without [43] or with zirconia [51,52], zinc [53,54], strontium oxide [55], stainless steel [56], silica particles [57], amino acids [58], and N-vinylpyrrolidone [45] have all aimed at impr…”
MethodZirconia–glass ionomer cement––a potential substitute for Miracle Mix
Gu, Y.-W., Yap, A., Cheang, P., & Khor, K. (2005) · doi:10.1016/j.scriptamat.2004.09.019 · Cited by 49 · cited 2×
“% have a detrimental effect on the properties of the GIC [51].”
BackgroundMethodShear Bond Strength of Three Different Nano-Restorative Materials to Dentin
Korkmaz, Y., Gürgan, S., Fırat, E., & Nathanson, D. (2010) · Operative Dentistry · doi:10.2341/09-051-l · Cited by 48 · cited 1× · see citing works
“On the other hand, the pH of functional primers is low enough to remove most of the smear layer and improve the chemical bond to dentin and enamel [85,91].”
BackgroundEvaluating Dentin Surface Treatments for Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Restorative Materials
Imbery, T. A., Namboodiri, A., Duncan, A., Amos, R., Best, A. M., & Moon, P. (2012) · Operative Dentistry · doi:10.2341/12-162-l · Cited by 46 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Similarly, it has been demonstrated that acid etching (37% phosphoric acid) can improve the shear bond strength of nano-filled RMGIC by removing the smear layer and increasing the surface energy [85,92,93].”
BackgroundThe effect of strontium oxide in glass–ionomer cements
Deb, S., & Nicholson, J. W. (1999) · Journal of Materials Science Materials in Medicine · doi:10.1023/a:1008944924726 · Cited by 45 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Additionally, modification of GICs by incorporation polyvinyl phosphonic acid [48,49], fiber-reinforcement [50], bioactive apatite without [43] or with zirconia [51,52], zinc [53,54], strontium oxide [55], stainless steel [56], silica particles [57], amino acids [58], and N-vinylpyrrolidone [45] have all aimed at impr…”
MethodEffect of dentine conditioning on adhesion of resin‐modified glass ionomer adhesives
Hamama, H. H. H., Burrow, M. F., & Yiu, C. K. Y. (2014) · Australian Dental Journal · doi:10.1111/adj.12169 · Cited by 44 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Similarly, it has been demonstrated that acid etching (37% phosphoric acid) can improve the shear bond strength of nano-filled RMGIC by removing the smear layer and increasing the surface energy [85,92,93].”
BackgroundKhouw-Liu, V. H. W., Anstice, H. M., & Pearson, G. J. (1999) · Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1016/s0300-5712(98)00061-x · Cited by 42 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Additionally, modification of GICs by incorporation polyvinyl phosphonic acid [48,49], fiber-reinforcement [50], bioactive apatite without [43] or with zirconia [51,52], zinc [53,54], strontium oxide [55], stainless steel [56], silica particles [57], amino acids [58], and N-vinylpyrrolidone [45] have all aimed at impr…”
MethodA review of polyelectrolyte modifications in conventional glass-ionomer dental cements
Moshaverinia, A., Roohpour, N., Chee, W. W. L., & Schricker, S. R. (2012) · Journal of Materials Chemistry · doi:10.1039/c2jm14880c · Cited by 41 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Additionally, modification of GICs by incorporation polyvinyl phosphonic acid [48,49], fiber-reinforcement [50], bioactive apatite without [43] or with zirconia [51,52], zinc [53,54], strontium oxide [55], stainless steel [56], silica particles [57], amino acids [58], and N-vinylpyrrolidone [45] have all aimed at impr…”
MethodSurface finish produced on three resin composites by new polishing systems.
St-Georges, A. J., Bolla, M., Fortin, D., Muller-Bolla, M., Thompson, J. Y., & Stamatiades, P. J. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Effect of CaF 2 Content on Rate of Fluoride Release from Filled Resins
Anusavice, K. J., Zhang, N.-Z., & Shen, C. (2005) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/154405910508400508 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Korkmaz, Y., Özel, E., Attar, N., & Biçer, C. Ö. (2009) · Lasers in Medical Science · doi:10.1007/s10103-009-0718-8 · Cited by 39 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, no significant improvement has been observed in bond strength when compared to conventional methods [97].”
Resultel Wakeel, A. M., Elkassas, D. W., & Yousry, M. M. (2015) · European Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.4103/1305-7456.156799 · Cited by 37 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This may be due to the inferior bonding performance of nano-RMGIC when applied onto enamel rather than dentine [99].”
BackgroundEffects of TiO2 nano glass ionomer cements against normal and cancer oral cells.
García‐Contreras, R., Scougall‐Vilchis, R. J., Contreras‐Bulnes, R., Kanda, Y., Nakajima, H., & Sakagami, H. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Spheroidization of glass powders for glass ionomer cements
Gu, Y., Yap, A. U., Cheang, P., & Kumar, R. (2003) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.10.096 · Cited by 35 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Similar to all other composite restorative materials, modification of the size and shape of filler particles in a GIC can influence its mechanical properties [39,100].”
BackgroundZakir, M., Kheraif, A. A. A., Asif, M., Wong, F. S. L., & Rehman, I. U. (2013) · Dental Materials · doi:10.1016/j.dental.2012.12.006 · Cited by 35 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Recently, resin composites modified by the addition of nHAp have been observed to have superior mechanical properties than unmodified resin composites [75,76].”
BackgroundSelf-citationHoshika, S., Munck, J. D., Sano, H., Sidhu, S. K., & MEERBEEK, B. V. (2015) · PubMed · doi:10.3290/j.jad.a33994 · Cited by 34 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Such aggressive dentine pre-treatments should not be adopted when using GIC-based materials [32,34,77,95], because their polyalkeonic polymers are excluded from permeating into dentine collagen [96].”
BackgroundTjandrawinata, R., Irie, M., Yoshida, Y., & Suzuki, K. (2004) · Dental Materials Journal · doi:10.4012/dmj.23.146 · Cited by 28 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Additionally, modification of GICs by incorporation polyvinyl phosphonic acid [48,49], fiber-reinforcement [50], bioactive apatite without [43] or with zirconia [51,52], zinc [53,54], strontium oxide [55], stainless steel [56], silica particles [57], amino acids [58], and N-vinylpyrrolidone [45] have all aimed at impr…”
MethodBiomechanical degradation of the nano-filled resin-modified glass-ionomer surface.
de Fúcio, S. B. P., de Paula, A. B., de Carvalho, F. G., Feitosa, V. P., Ambrosano, G. M. B., & Puppin‐Rontani, R. M. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Terata, R., Nakashima, K., & Kubota, M. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Bonding Nano-filled Resin-modified Glass Ionomer to Dentin Using Different Self-etch Adhesives
El-Askary, F. S., & Nassif, M. S. (2011) · Operative Dentistry · doi:10.2341/10-383-l · Cited by 18 · cited 3× · see citing works
“On the other hand, the pH of functional primers is low enough to remove most of the smear layer and improve the chemical bond to dentin and enamel [85,91].”
Background
Flagged first, then by citations
8 of the 125 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 4
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Bioactive Glass Applications in Dentistry
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Self-citationChitosan Biomaterials for Current and Potential Dental Applications
Husain, S., Al-Samadani, K., Najeeb, S., Zafar, M. S., Khurshid, Z., Zohaib, S., & Qasim, S. B. (2017) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma10060602 · Cited by 231
“Glass ionomer cements (GICs) have been presented with various modifications such as with resin or nano-additives [146–148] and are commonly used for applications such as cementation of prosthesis and restorations.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationFrançois, P., Fouquet, V., Attal, J., & Dursun, E. (2020) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma13102313 · Cited by 213
“However, this name is simplistic because, depending on the composition chosen by the manufacturer, other elements may be incorporated, such as strontium, phosphate, zinc, calcium, or sodium [11,15,16].”
BackgroundInfluentialPolymeric and inorganic nanoscopical antimicrobial fillers in dentistry
Makvandi, P., Gu, J. T., Zare, E. N., Ashtari, B., Moeini, A., Tay, F. R., & Niu, L. (2019) · Acta Biomaterialia · doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2019.09.025 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Propolis: A natural biomaterial for dental and oral healthcare.
Khurshid, Z., Naseem, M., Zafar, M. S., Najeeb, S., & Zohaib, S. (2017) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.15171/joddd.2017.046 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citationChen, J., Zhao, Q., Peng, J., Yang, X., Yu, D., & Zhao, W. (2020) · Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103332 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Silver Nanoparticles in Dental Applications: A Descriptive Review
Mallineni, S., Sakhamuri, S., Kotha, S., Alasmari, A., alJefri, G., Almotawah, F., Mallineni, S., & Sajja, R. (2023) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering10030327 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“Biocompatible nanoparticles have low toxicity, and are digestive-system-friendly and immune-boosting [34,35].”
BackgroundMedical and Dental Applications of Titania Nanoparticles: An Overview
Mansoor, A., Khurshid, Z., Khan, M. T., Mansoor, E., Butt, F. A., Jamal, A., & Palma, P. (2022) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano12203670 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationInfluence of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the properties of glass ionomer cement
Alatawi, R. A. S., Elsayed, N. H., & Mohamed, W. S. (2019) · Journal of Materials Research and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jmrt.2018.01.010 · Cited by 79
“[3] Najeeb S, Khurshid Z, Zafar MS, Khan AS, Zohaib S, Marti JMN, et al.”
BackgroundUpdate on Dental Luting Materials
Leung, G. K.-H., Wong, A. W.-Y., Chu, C.-H., & Yu, O. Y. (2022) · Dentistry Journal · doi:10.3390/dj10110208 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Kim, D.-A., Lee, J.-H., Jun, S.-K., Kim, H., Eltohamy, M., & Lee, H.-H. (2017) · Dental Materials · doi:10.1016/j.dental.2017.04.017 · Cited by 75
Recent advances on nanomaterials for antibacterial treatment of oral diseases
Chen, Z., Chu, Z., Jiang, Y., Xu, L., Qian, H., Wang, Y., & Wang, W. (2023) · Materials Today Bio · doi:10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100635 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Kheur, M., Kantharia, N. R., Iakha, T., Kheur, S., Husain, N. A., & Özcan, M. (2019) · Odontology : official journal of The Society of the Nippon Dental University · doi:10.1007/s10266-019-00427-5 · Cited by 63
Current aspects and prospects of glass ionomer cements for clinical dentistry
Park, E., & Kang, S. (2020) · Yeungnam University Journal of Medicine · doi:10.12701/yujm.2020.00374 · Cited by 59
“Nanotechnology involves the use or modification of 1 to 100nm materials [7,73-75].”
BackgroundInfluentialAmin, F., Rahman, S., Khurshid, Z., Zafar, M., Sefat, F., & Kumar, N. (2021) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma14216260 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationMoheet, I., Luddin, N., Rahman, I., Kannan, T., Ghani, N. R. N. A., & Masudi, S. (2019) · European Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1055/s-0039-1693524 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Mansoor, A., Khan, M. T., Mehmood, M., Khurshid, Z., Ali, M., & Jamal, A. (2022) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano12071078 · Cited by 54
“Among these, GIC is the preferred restorative material because of its ability to release fluoride, its good adhesion to the tooth surface, its acceptable aesthetic effects and its excellent biocompatibility and antimicrobial properties [9–11].”
BackgroundSelf-citationMoheet, I., Luddin, N., Rahman, I. A., Masudi, S., Kannan, T., & Ghani, N. R. N. A. (2018) · Ceramics International · doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.03.010 · Cited by 52
Comparative abrasive wear resistance and surface analysis of dental resin-based materials
Nayyer, M., Zahid, S., Hassan, S. H., Mian, S. A., Mehmood, S., Khan, H., Kaleem, M., Zafar, M. S., & Khan, A. S. (2018) · European Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.4103/ejd.ejd_380_17 · Cited by 52
“Due to higher surface area and surface energy, nanosized particles improve the performance of resin composites.[27,28]”
BackgroundSelf-citationAhmad, M., Bhayat, A., Zafar, M. S., & Al-Samadani, K. (2017) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph14040445 · Cited by 51
Self-citationNanotechnology and nanomaterials in dentistry
Zafar, M. S., Alnazzawi, A. A., AlRahabi, M. K., Fareed, M. A., Najeeb, S., & Khurshid, Z. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-102476-8.00018-9 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationUpdates on the clinical application of glass ionomer cement in restorative and preventive dentistry
Ge, K. X., Lam, W. Y. H., Chu, C.-H., & Yu, O. Y. (2024) · Journal of Dental Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jds.2024.07.021 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Koçak, F., Yar, M., & Rehman, I. U. (2024) · Biotechnology and Bioengineering · doi:10.1002/bit.28755 · Cited by 44
“…as hydroxyapatite (HA) and its ionic substituted forms (AL ‐ Hamoudi et al., 2022; Chaudhry et al., 2013; Juhasz & Best, 2012; Qasim, 2015), bioactive glasses, glass ‐ ceramics, and glass iono-mer cements (Juhasz & Best, 2012; Najeeb et al., 2016; Qasim, 2015), are prominent with their bioactivity.”
Self-citationPromoting Reactive Oxygen Species Generation: A Key Strategy in Nanosensitizer-Mediated Radiotherapy
Jia, S., Ge, S., Fan, X., Leong, K. W., & Ruan, J. (2021) · Nanomedicine · doi:10.2217/nnm-2020-0448 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
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Mechanical Properties of High Viscosity Glass Ionomer and Glass Hybrid Restorative Materials
Šalinović, I., Stunja, M., Schauperl, Z., Verzak, Ž., Ivanišević-Malčić, A., & Rajić, V. B. (2019) · Acta Stomatologica Croatica · doi:10.15644/asc53/2/4 · Cited by 42
“Primjerice, ugradnjom čestica nano veličine dodatno se pojačava otpuštanje fluora (10).”
BackgroundGul, H., Khan, M., & Khan, A. S. (2020) · Handbook of Ionic Substituted Hydroxyapatites · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-102834-6.00003-3 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationAdvanced materials and technologies for oral diseases
Cui, H., You, Y., Cheng, G., Lan, Z., Zou, K., Mai, Q., Han, Y., Chen, H., Zhao, Y., & Yu, G. (2022) · Science and Technology of Advanced Materials · doi:10.1080/14686996.2022.2156257 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Remineralization NHAP Supplementary Ca, PO4 3− [43,44] NHAP+Sr Improving biocompatibility.”
BackgroundTiO2 nanotubes improve physico-mechanical properties of glass ionomer cement
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“The clinical performance of dental resin composites has been significantly improved in recent decades through innovations using nano-fillers to produce adequate strength and excellent wear resistance along with retaining translucency [2,6].”
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“This property increases the reactivity and, according to the manufacturer, significantly affects the mechanical properties of the material and makes them suitable for long-lasting fillings in the posterior teeth [15,16].”
BackgroundSauro, S., Watson, T., Moscardó, A. P., Luzi, A., Feitosa, V., & Banerjee, A. (2018) · E -journal of dentistry · doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2018.03.014 · Cited by 30
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Minimally invasive judgement calls: managing compromised first permanent molars in children
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Bioactive Glasses and their Applications in Dentistry
Khalid, M., Khurshid, Z., Zafar, M., Farooq, I., Khan, R., & Najmi, A. (2017) · doi:10.25301/jpda.261.32 · Cited by 27
Self-citationEmerging nanomaterials for dental treatments
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Novel rechargeable nano-CaF2 orthodontic cement with high levels of long-term fluoride release.
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Dental implants materials and surface treatments
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Self-citationProperties of dental biomaterials
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Self-citationCurrent Antibacterial Agents in Dental Bonding Systems: A Comprehensive Overview
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“All these factors are responsible for adversely affecting living beings, as well as our environment on the larger scale [25,27,28].”
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Smart injectable self-setting bioceramics for dental applications.
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Self-citationEvaluation of the Mechanical Properties of Three Resin-Modified Glass-Ionomer Materials
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“RMGI materials presenting silane-treated silica nanofillers and nano-sized zirconia/silica clusters, with a highly packed filler composition, were developed [15, 16, 25].”
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Inhibitory activity of S-PRG filler on collagen-bound MMPs and dentin matrix degradation.
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Ivanišević, A., Rajić, V., Pilipović, A., Par, M., Ivanković, H., & Baraba, A. (2021) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma14174964 · Cited by 21
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Surface Hardness of Dental Composite Resin Restorations in Response to Preventive Agents.
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Emergence of Nano-Dentistry as a Reality of Contemporary Dentistry
Kochan, O., Boitsaniuk, S., Levkiv, M., Przystupa, K., Manashchuk, N., Pohoretska, K., Chornij, N., Tsvyntarna, I., & Patskan, L. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12042008 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Incorporation of nano-sized particles in powder-modified nanoglass ionomers improves their mechanical properties [56].”
BackgroundAlebady, M. H., Hamama, H., & Mahmoud, S. (2024) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-024-04234-5 · Cited by 18
“In comparison to earlier conventional GICs [6].”
BackgroundInfluentialBioactive Glass Applications in Different Periodontal Lesions: A Narrative Review
Shaikh, M. S., Fareed, M. A., & Zafar, M. (2023) · Coatings · doi:10.3390/coatings13040716 · Cited by 18
Self-citationWear Pathways of Tooth Occlusal Fissure Sealants: An Integrative Review
Faria, M., Guedes, A., Rompante, P., Carvalho, Ó., Silva, F., Henriques, B., Özcan, M., & Souza, J. (2021) · doi:10.1016/j.biotri.2021.100190 · Cited by 18
Effects of ionizing radiation on surface properties of current restorative dental materials
de Amorim, D. M. G., Veríssimo, A. H., Ribeiro, A., Souza, R. O. D. A. E., de Assunção, I. V., Caldas, M., & Borges, B. (2021) · Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine · doi:10.1007/s10856-021-06543-5 · Cited by 18
“Whilst the liquid contains mainly water and polyacrylic acid, the powder contains non silanized fluoro-alumino-silicate fillers (FASF) and other inorganic components such as strontium, phosphate, zinc, calcium, or sodium which react with [31].”
BackgroundContraction and Hydroscopic Expansion Stress of Dental Ion-Releasing Polymeric Materials
Sokołowski, K., Szczesio-Włodarczyk, A., Bociong, K., Krasowski, M., Fronczek-Wojciechowska, M., Domarecka, M., Sokołowski, J., & Lukomska-Szymanska, M. (2018) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym10101093 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“This material shows favorable properties similar to composites while maintaining the features of the conventional GIC [5].”
BackgroundInfluentialGeneral Overview and Applications of Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs)
Živić, F., Busarac, N., Milenković, S., & Grujovi, N. (2021) · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819724-0.00056-2 · Cited by 18
Moshaverinia, M., Ferreira, L. D. A. Q., Smidt, G., Shah, K. C., Ansari, S., & Moshaverinia, A. (2023) · Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry · doi:10.1111/jerd.13168 · Cited by 17
Cell physiological effects of glass ionomer cements on fibroblast cells.
Láng, O., Kőhidai, L., Kőhidai, Z., Dobó-Nagy, C., Csomó, K., Lajko, M., Mózes, M., Kéki, S., Déak, G., Tian, K., et al. (2019) · Toxicology in Vitro · doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104627 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Effects of deformation rate variation on biaxial flexural properties of dental resin composites
Kumar, N., Zafar, M. S., Dahri, W. M., Khan, M. A., Khurshid, Z., & Najeeb, S. (2018) · Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jtumed.2018.04.012 · Cited by 16
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Hii, S. C., Luddin, N., Kannan, T., Rahman, I. A., & Ghani, N. R. N. A. (2019) · Contemporary Clinical Dentistry · doi:10.4103/ccd.ccd_581_18 · Cited by 15
“[15–17] In addition, nano‐hydroxyapatite (n‐HAp) crystals can favour remineralisation of enamel.[18,19] Due to these excellent properties, HA has been used in many fields of dentistry such as implant dentistry,[20] caries prevention,[21] bone void fillers,[22] restoration of periodontal defects,[23] alveolar ridge aug…”
BackgroundSynthesis, structural, and characterization of polymethylmethacrylate matrix−ZnO nanocomposite
Megahed, O. N., Abdelhamid, M., Elwassefy, N. A., Youssef, A. M., El-Damrawi, G., & Bakr, N. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-27385-z · Cited by 14
“The antimicrobial agents (i.e., ZnO) are important to be added to the polymer matrix to improve the antibacterial capacity of these materials, due to their cariostatic effects 55–57 .”
Mokhtari, S., & Wren, A. (2019) · Biomedical Glasses · doi:10.1515/bglass-2019-0002 · Cited by 13
“Modification in chemical composition of the glass, the acid component, and variations in powder to liquid ratio of GPCs can alter the physical, biological, and mechanical properties, and therefore extend their applications to orthopaedics [32].”
BackgroundModifications of polyalkenoic acid and its effect on glass ionomer cement
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“4,18,19 However, conventional GIC is not obsolete from clinical dentistry yet.”
BackgroundNano glass ionomer cement: modification for biodental applications
Najeeb, S., Khurshid, Z., Ghabbani, H., Zafar, M. S., & Sefat, F. (2019) · Advanced Dental Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-102476-8.00010-4 · Cited by 13
Self-citationSaadat, M., Moradian, M., & Mirshekari, B. (2021) · International Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1155/2021/8231473 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Introduction to dental biomaterials and their advances
Khurshid, Z., Zafar, M. S., Najeeb, S., Nejatian, T., & Sefat, F. (2019) · Advanced Dental Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-102476-8.00001-3 · Cited by 12
Self-citationIlancheran, P., Paulraj, J., Maiti, S., & Shanmugam, R. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.58562 · Cited by 11
“While these modified materials have demonstrated improved strength characteristics and reduced wear, they have also presented drawbacks such as decreased strength and potential cytotoxicity, limiting their practical utility [7].”
BackgroundWrzyszcz-Kowalczyk, A., Dobrzyński, M., Grzesiak-Gasek, I., Zakrzewski, W., Mysiak-Dębska, M., Nowak, P., Zimolag, M., & Wiglusz, R. (2021) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano11123374 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Another disadvantage is that they are sensitive to moisture immediately after application [121].”
BackgroundPaulraj, J., Shanmugam, R., Maiti, S., & Ganesh, S. (2024) · International Journal of Prosthodontics and Restorative Dentistry · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10019-1441 · Cited by 10
“23 The study also identified statistically significant ( p 0.05) changes in surface roughness before and after simulation for all groups, underscoring the importance of evaluating materials under simulated oral conditions.”
InfluentialMoura, S. K. S. C. F., dos Santos, M. V., Nascimento, L. Á. D., da Silva, M. D., de França, G., da Costa, L. M., Medeiros, A., Araujo-Junior, R. F., de Araújo, A. D., Oliveira, C. N., et al. (2022) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103123 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Zaki, Z. M., Niazy, M., Zaazou, M. H., Nagi, S., & Elkassas, D. (2021) · Bulletin of the National Research Centre · doi:10.1186/s42269-021-00655-2 · Cited by 10
“Characterization of NHA-GIC and NHA-RMGIC was done using TEM (Philips XL, 30; Japan) to observe the distribution of NHA into CGIC and RMGIC powder. c. Clinical procedure: Cavity preparation, material application, intervention and outcome All participants’ demographic data together with tooth numbers, types and arch di…”
BackgroundInfluentialPhysical Properties of Glass Ionomer Cement Containing Pre-Reacted Spherical Glass Fillers.
Panpisut, P., Monmaturapoj, N., Srion, A., Toneluck, A., & Phantumvanit, P. (2020) · Brazilian Dental Journal · doi:10.1590/0103-6440202003276 · Cited by 10
Klimas, S., Kiryk, S., Kiryk, J., Kotela, A., Kensy, J., Michalak, M., Rybak, Z., Matys, J., & Dobrzyński, M. (2025) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma18133187 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Ongoing research explores nanomodifications and formulation adjustments to improve their physical, biological, and esthetic performance for broader indications [29–35].”
Mansoor, A., Mansoor, E., Mansoor, E., Mansoor, E., Shah, A. U., Asjid, U., Martins, J., Khan, S., & Palma, P. J. (2025) · Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2025.01.005 · Cited by 9
Aboelwafa, M. R., & Shaheen, S. D. (2024) · European Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1055/s-0044-1785188 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Bian, C., Guo, Y.-M., Zhu, M.-Y., Liu, M., Xie, X.-J., Weir, M., Oates, T. W., Masri, R., Xu, H. H. K., Zhang, K., et al. (2024) · E -journal of dentistry · doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2024.104844 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Mechanical Properties of Orthodontic Cements and Their Behavior in Acidic Environments
Iosif, C., Cuc, S., Prodan, D., Moldovan, M., Petean, I., Labunet, A., Tudoran, L. B., Badea, I., Man, S., Badea, M., et al. (2022) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma15227904 · Cited by 9
“However, the heterogeneous filler mixture observed in the Fuji Ortho RMGIC proves to be beneficial to achieving a good value of the elastic modulus, which is in good agreement with the requirements for a bracket adhesive [32,33].”
ResultDionysopoulos, D., Tolidis, K., Tortopidis, D., Gerasimou, P., & Sfeikos, T. (2018) · Odontology : official journal of The Society of the Nippon Dental University · doi:10.1007/s10266-018-0338-5 · Cited by 9
Application of Nanomaterials in Dentistry
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Self-citationAlacote-Mauricio, B., Gihuaña-Aguilar, C., Castro-Ramirez, L., Cervantes-Ganoza, L., Ladera-Castañeda, M., Dapello-Zevallos, G., & Cayo-Rojas, C. (2023) · Journal of International Oral Health · doi:10.4103/jioh.jioh_93_23 · Cited by 8
“[10] Color stability is an important property in restoration materials that can be due to extrinsic (exogenous) or intrinsic (endogenous) factors.”
BackgroundChen, Y.-Z., Yong, M.-J., Tan, V., Kong, S., Elnawawy, H. M., Yahya, N., Kutty, M., & Ahmed, H. (2023) · European Endodontic Journal · doi:10.14744/eej.2023.36449 · Cited by 8
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Chiode, M. M. M., Colonello, G. P., Kabadayan, F., Silva, J. D. S., Suffredini, I., & Saraceni, C. H. (2022) · Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102788 · Cited by 8
Long-Term Water Balance Evaluation in Glass Ionomer Restorative Materials
Roberts, H., Berzins, D., & Nicholson, J. (2022) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma15030807 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Treatment options for deciduous molar hypomineralization: a report of three cases
Quintero, Y., Restrepo, M., Saldarriaga, J. A., Saldarriaga, A., & Santos-Pinto, L. (2019) · Dental Update · doi:10.12968/denu.2019.46.6.546 · Cited by 8
Yücer, S., Sarac, B., Özarslan, A., & Ciftci, F. (2025) · Materials Today · doi:10.1016/j.mattod.2025.10.010 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Effect of Zinc-Releasing Glass Ionomer Cement on Preventing Dentin Demineralization.
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“These materials promote responses in living tissues and support the restoration of hard dental structures, particularly in primary teeth (Najeeb et al. 2016; Skallevold et al. 2019).”
Self-citationPhysical-mechanical, chemical and biological properties of graphene-reinforced glass ionomer cements
Jordão, T. R. D. S., Fernandes, L. S., Leite, K. L. D. F., Alexandria, A., Silva, E., Maia, L. C., & Fidalgo, T. K. D. S. (2024) · Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics · doi:10.5395/rde.2024.49.e37 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Some of these strategies included adding silver and tin amalgam alloy powder, incorporating silver nanoparticles, and adding zinc, titanium, barium, and strontium, resin, hydroxyapatite, fibers, zirconium, and other nanometric particles to GICs, which did not improve its properties [13-20].”
Showkat, I., Chaudhary, S., Sinha, A., Manuja, N., Telgi, C., Priya, N., & Kak, M. (2023) · International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10005-2617 · Cited by 7
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Naksagoon, T., Takenaka, S., Nagata, R., Sotozono, M., Ohsumi, T., Ida, T., Edanami, N., Maeda, T., & Noiri, Y. (2021) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics10080977 · Cited by 7
“Therefore, additional antimicrobial compounds and nanoparticles have been added to the GIC to enhance its cariostatic effect [14].”
BackgroundAlinda, S., Margono, A., Putranto, A., Maharti, I., Amalina, R., & Rahmi, S. F. (2021) · Open Dentistry Journal · doi:10.2174/1874210602115010274 · Cited by 7
Future Perspectives of Biomimetics in Restorative Dentistry
Basheer, N., Madhubala, M., & Mahalaxmi, S. (2020) · doi:10.9734/jpri/2020/v32i2530820 · Cited by 7
“Traditional restorative materials such as amalgam, GIC or composite resin are used to substitute the lost enamel but none of these materials could achieve the exact physical, mechanical, and aesthetic properties of enamel [7].”
Background
- Authors
- Najeeb, S., Khurshid, Z., Zafar, M., Khan, A., Zohaib, S., Martí, J., Sauro, S., Matinlinna, J., & Rehman, I.
- Affiliations
- Al-Farabi College (SA)
- King Faisal University (SA)
- Taibah University (SA)
- COMSATS University Islamabad (PK)
- Universidad Cardenal Herrera CEU (ES)
- University of Hong Kong (HK)
- University of Sheffield (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Rehman, Ihtesham
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2016-07-14
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1134
- ISSN
- 1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4964507
- OpenAlex
- W2465238864
- Cited by
- 226
- References
- 125
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 3.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (submittedVersion)
- The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- CEU Repositorio Institucional (Fundación Universitaria San Pablo CEU) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Orthodontics › Dental materials and restorations
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Oral Surgery › Endodontics and Root Canal Treatments
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Bone Tissue Engineering Materials
- Keywords
- glass ionomer cement, resin-modified glass ionomer cement, fluoride release, bioactivity (biomaterials), mechanical properties, bond strength, secondary caries, dental restorative materials
- MeSH terms
- Ceramics, Dental Cements, Glass Ionomer Cements, Humans, Nanoparticles
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