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Physical Exercise and Myokines: Relationships with Sarcopenia and Cardiovascular Complications
Open accessAbstract
Skeletal muscle is capable of secreting different factors in order to communicate with other tissues. These mediators, the myokines, show potentially far-reaching effects on non-muscle tissues and can provide a molecular interaction between muscle and body physiology. Sarcopenia is a chronic degenerative neuromuscular disease closely related to cardiomyopathy and chronic heart failure, which influences the production and release of myokines. Our objective was to explore the relationship between myokines, sarcopenia, and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine actions of myokines include regulation of energy expenditure, insulin sensitivity, lipolysis, free fatty acid oxidation, adipocyte browning, glycogenolysis, glycogenesis, and general metabolism. A sedentary lifestyle accelerates the aging process and is a risk factor for developing sarcopenia, metabolic syndrome, and CVD. Increased adipose tissue resulting from the decrease in muscle mass in patients with sarcopenia may also be involved in the pathology of CVD. Myokines are protagonists in the complex condition of sarcopenia, which is associated with adverse clinical outcomes in patients with CVD. The discovery of new pathways and the link between myokines and CVD remain a cornerstone toward multifaceted interventions and perhaps the minimization of the damage resulting from muscle loss induced by factors such as atherosclerosis.
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“This environment constitutes fertile soil for atherosclerosis’s chronic inflammatory process, a prelude to several cardiovascular conditions [8].”
From Adipokines, Myokines, and Hepatokines: Crosstalk and Metabolic Repercussions (2021) · cites this paper as [8]
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“Myokines have shown potentially farreaching effects on non-muscle tissues and can provide a molecular interaction between muscle and body physiology via their autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine actions (Barbalho et al., 2020).”
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“32 However, performing YBT requires good lower limb strength and proprioception in subjects.”
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Die Muskulatur – das „signalstoffgestützte periphere Zentrum“ adaptiver Wirkungen
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“In the absence of exercise, muscle atrophy occurs because of reduced production of myocytokines, an imbalance between anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory mediators, and altered protein synthesis (54).”
BackgroundThe emerging role of exercise preconditioning in preventing skeletal muscle atrophy
Zhou, X., Li, S., Wang, L., Wang, J., Zhang, P., & Chen, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2025.1559594 · Cited by 15
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Muskeltraining – ein universelles Medikament
Laube, W. (2021) · Manuelle Medizin · doi:10.1007/s00337-021-00801-x · Cited by 8
Knapik, M., Kuna, J., Chmielewski, G., Jaśkiewicz, Ł., & Krajewska–Włodarczyk, M. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14186527 · Cited by 7
“It plays a crucial role in preventing sarcopenia and ensuring good sleep quality [12,27].”
InfluentialBarbalho, S. M., Laurindo, L. F., Valenti, V. E., Méndez‐Sánchez, N., Ramírez-Mejía, M. M., & Goulart, R. D. Á. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms262311547 · Cited by 7
“Impaired muscle mass can also impair the release of myokines [35,71,117–120].”
Self-citationKhorasani, Z. M., Besharat, M., Mehrad‐Majd, H., Mohammadi, S. A., & Mahmoudinia, M. (2022) · Endocrinology Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1002/edm2.370 · Cited by 7
Xuan, Y., Pang, S., Xie, W., He, R., Li, Q., & Yuan, J. (2023) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000035976 · Cited by 6
Buffoni, M., Volta, A. D., Valcamonico, F., Bergamini, M., Caramella, I., D'Apollo, D., Zivi, A., Procopio, G., Sepe, P., Conte, G. D., et al. (2025) · European Urology Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.euo.2025.02.006 · Cited by 6
Lee, T., Lee, H.-I., Roh, H., & Cho, S.-Y. (2025) · Life · doi:10.3390/life15111752 · Cited by 11
“…leptin is one of the most extensively studied adipokines with a pro-inflammatory role, whereas irisin, a myokine secreted in response to physical activity, has recently at-tracted attention for its role in exercise-induced metabolic adaptations and suppression of inflammatory responses [12,13].”
Workeneh, B., Kalantar‐Zadeh, K., & Moore, L. W. (2021) · Journal of Renal Nutrition · doi:10.1053/j.jrn.2021.04.004 · Cited by 6
Primo, D., Izaola, O., Gómez, J. J. L., & de Luis, D. A. (2023) · Endocrinología Diabetes y Nutrición · doi:10.1016/j.endinu.2023.04.002 · Cited by 6
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Der Muskulatur mehr Aufmerksamkeit schenken!
Laube, W. (2021) · Manuelle Medizin · doi:10.1007/s00337-021-00821-7 · Cited by 5
Curiel-Cervantes, V., Solís‐S, J. C., Camacho-Barrón, M., Aguilar-Galarza, A., Valencia, M. E., & Anaya‐Loyola, M. A. (2022) · Growth Factors · doi:10.1080/08977194.2022.2049262 · Cited by 5
“Exercise may reverse ageing-induced changes in myokines and their consequences in SMM. Exercise exerts a major role in maintaining SMM and anabolic myokines such IGF-1 and IRI, it appears to play an important role in promoting myogenic factors during ageing (Barbalho et al. 2020).”
BackgroundSarcopenia and cardiovascular disease in patients with and without kidney disease: what do we know?
Güngör, Ö., Sevinç, M., Sena Memnune, U. L. U., & Kocyigit, I. D. (2022) · International Urology and Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s11255-022-03393-0 · Cited by 5
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“Myokines have effects against in fl ammation, which induces vascular calci fi cation and endothelial dysfunction [33].”
BackgroundThe Role of Sarcopenia in Heart Failure with Depression
Wang, R., Duan, J., Liu, W., Huang, K., Chen, Z., Yang, C., & Yang, L. (2022) · Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.31083/j.rcm2309296 · Cited by 5
“Apelin is also involved in physiological processes such asmetabolism, cardiac contraction, angiogenesis, and blood pressure regulation [61].”
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Moussaoui, O. R. (2025) · International Journal of Physiology Pathophysiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.62347/rneq8696 · Cited by 4
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“30,31 A good exercise prescription should include both aerobic exercise and resistance exercise.”
Vasodilator Dysfunction in Human Obesity: Established and Emerging Mechanisms
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Free fatty acids are associated with muscle dysfunction in Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes
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“Myokines secreted by skeletal muscle are capable of lipolysis and free fatty acid oxidation [10].”
BackgroundTeil 2: Muskeldysfunktionen – mit Training gegen Schmerz
Laube, W. (2022) · Man and medicine · doi:10.1007/s00337-022-00887-x
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“The skeletal muscle is an endocrine organ that secrets communicating proteins called myokines [33].”
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“43,44 The difference in outcomes between men and women observed in this study may be in fl uenced by several factors, including variations in body composition and sex hormones, which are known to impact cardiovascular disease risk differently in men and women.”
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Sarcopenia and Cardiovascular Diseases in Individuals With Diabetes or Prediabetes
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“The biological mechanisms underlying the association between sarcopenia and CVD may involve shared physiological pathways, such as systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, overactivation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and impaired glucose tolerance [28–30].”
Metabolic Syndrome and Metabolic Dysfunction‐Associated Fatty Liver Disease
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Exercise interventions for mitigating the persistent side effects of COVID-19
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“3), which makes it ideal for use in a rehabilitation/support programme, due to the release of myokines associated with physical exercise [112].”
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“Sarcopenia is linked with increased risk of diabetes [11], arthritis, osteoporosis, respiratory diseases, heart disease [12], Parkinson’s disease [13] and cancer [14], leading to lower quality of life and contributing to mortality risk [15].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Barbalho, S. M., Flato, U. A. P., Tofano, R. J., Goulart, R. D. A., Guiguer, E. L., Detregiachi, C. R. P., Buchaim, D. V., Araújo, A. C., Buchaim, R. L., Reina, F. T. R., Biteli, P., Reina, D. O. B. R., & Bechara, M. D.
- Affiliations
- Faculdade de Medicina de Marília (BR)
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Avenue Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade de Marília (BR)
- Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Barbalho, Sandra Maria
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-05-20
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 3607
- ISSN
- 1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7279354
- OpenAlex
- W3028055237
- Cited by
- 156
- References
- 107
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 2.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Keywords
- myokines, sarcopenia, cardiovascular disease, physical activity, skeletal muscle, sedentary lifestyle, cardiomyopathy, chronic heart failure, metabolic syndrome, adipose tissue, muscle mass loss, atherosclerosis, insulin sensitivity, energy expenditure
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cell Communication, Humans, Exercise, Cytokines, Muscle, Skeletal, Adipokines, Sarcopenia
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