Sarcopenia: Aging-Related Loss of Muscle Mass and Function
Open accessAbstract
Sarcopenia is a loss of muscle mass and function in the elderly that reduces mobility, diminishes quality of life, and can lead to fall-related injuries, which require costly hospitalization and extended rehabilitation. This review focuses on the aging-related structural changes and mechanisms at cellular and subcellular levels underlying changes in the individual motor unit: specifically, the perikaryon of the α-motoneuron, its neuromuscular junction(s), and the muscle fibers that it innervates. Loss of muscle mass with aging, which is largely due to the progressive loss of motoneurons, is associated with reduced muscle fiber number and size. Muscle function progressively declines because motoneuron loss is not adequately compensated by reinnervation of muscle fibers by the remaining motoneurons. At the intracellular level, key factors are qualitative changes in posttranslational modifications of muscle proteins and the loss of coordinated control between contractile, mitochondrial, and sarcoplasmic reticulum protein expression. Quantitative and qualitative changes in skeletal muscle during the process of aging also have been implicated in the pathogenesis of acquired and hereditary neuromuscular disorders. In experimental models, specific intervention strategies have shown encouraging results on limiting deterioration of motor unit structure and function under conditions of impaired innervation. Translated to the clinic, if these or similar interventions, by saving muscle and improving mobility, could help alleviate sarcopenia in the elderly, there would be both great humanitarian benefits and large cost savings for health care systems.
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Ageing leads to a gradual decline in the proportion of fast-twitch (type II) muscle fibres, which may contribute to decreased muscle strength and power.
“The ageing process leads to a gradual decline in the proportion of fast-twitch (type II) muscle fibres, which may contribute to decreased muscle strength and power56.”
From Sarcopenic obesity in older adults: a clinical overview (2024) · cites this paper as [56]
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Mitochondrial quality control and muscle mass maintenance.
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Cellular Senescence in Type 2 Diabetes: A Therapeutic Opportunity
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Self-citationAutophagy Impairment in Muscle Induces Neuromuscular Junction Degeneration and Precocious Aging
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Senolytic drugs: from discovery to translation
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Mitochondrial Dynamics and Mitophagy in Skeletal Muscle Health and Aging
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“Several biological mechanisms have been proposed to explain the development of sarcopenia [8].”
BackgroundInhibition of prostaglandin-degrading enzyme 15-PGDH rejuvenates aged muscle mass and strength
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Lactate as a myokine and exerkine: drivers and signals of physiology and metabolism
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Physical Exercise in the Oldest Old
Valenzuela, P. L., Castillo‐García, A., Morales, J. S., Izquierdo, M., Serra‐Rexach, J. A., Santos‐Lozano, A., & Lucia, A. (2019) · Comprehensive Physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c190002 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Physical Exercise and Myokines: Relationships with Sarcopenia and Cardiovascular Complications
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Inhibition of the Fission Machinery Mitigates OPA1 Impairment in Adult Skeletal Muscles
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Self-citationThe ketogenic diet preserves skeletal muscle with aging in mice
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Treatment of type 2 diabetes with the designer cytokine IC7Fc
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Pharmacological blockade of TNFα prevents sarcopenia and prolongs survival in aging mice
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“Background The natural aging process is associated with a progressive loss of muscle mass and function [1, 2], commonly referred to as sarcopenia [3].”
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“This decline in muscle mass, combined with the accumulation of visceral fat, creates a dangerous interplay that exacerbates frailty and reduces functional capacity [6,7].”
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- Authors
- Larsson, L., Degens, H., Li, M., Salviati, L., Lee, Y. I., Thompson, W., Kirkland, J. L., & Sandri, M.
- Affiliations
- Manchester Metropolitan University (GB)
- Venue
- Physiological Reviews
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2019-01-01
- Volume
- 99
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 427-511
- ISSN
- 0031-9333 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1210
- PMC
- PMC6442923
- OpenAlex
- W2897430333
- Cited by
- 1,797
- References
- 997
- Citations by year
- 2026: 311 · 2025: 378 · 2024: 308 · 2023: 245 · 2022: 190 · 2021: 201 · 2020: 111 · 2019: 49 · 2017: 1 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 8.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Physiological Reviews (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University) (acceptedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Swedish Foundation for International Cooperation in Research and Higher Education (STINT)
- Vetenskapsrådet (Swedish Research Council) (8651)
- Erling-Parsson Foundation
- Kommunfullmäktige, Stockholms Stad (Stockholm City Council) (20150423, 20170133)
- Karolinska Institutet (KI)
- Fondazione Telethon (Telethon Foundation) (GGP14187c)
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica - Città della Speranza
- HHS | NIH | National Institute on Aging (U.S. National Institute on Aging) (AG13925, AG041122)
- the Connor Group
- the Ted Nash Long Life
- Noaber Foundation
- AFM-Telethon (19524)
- Foundation Leducq
- AIRC (17388)
- RISE (545648)
- Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Padova e Rovigo (Fondazione Cariparo)
- HHS | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) (NS20480)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Research
- Keywords
- sarcopenia, muscle aging, motor units, neuromuscular junction, muscle fiber atrophy, reinnervation, mitochondrial dysfunction, sarcoplasmic reticulum, neuromuscular disorders, mobility decline, fall-related injuries, sarcopenia interventions
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Animals, Humans, Muscle Contraction, Muscular Diseases, Neuromuscular Junction, Muscle, Skeletal, Sarcopenia
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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