The DOI matches its Crossref record; 258 of the 258 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Chronic and Cycling Hypoxia: Drivers of Cancer Chronic Inflammation through HIF-1 and NF-κB Activation: A Review of the Molecular Mechanisms
Open accessAbstract
Chronic (continuous, non-interrupted) hypoxia and cycling (intermittent, transient) hypoxia are two types of hypoxia occurring in malignant tumors. They are both associated with the activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), which induce changes in gene expression. This paper discusses in detail the mechanisms of activation of these two transcription factors in chronic and cycling hypoxia and the crosstalk between both signaling pathways. In particular, it focuses on the importance of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS) together with nitric oxide synthase, acetylation of HIF-1, and the action of MAPK cascades. The paper also discusses the importance of hypoxia in the formation of chronic low-grade inflammation in cancerous tumors. Finally, we discuss the effects of cycling hypoxia on the tumor microenvironment, in particular on the expression of VEGF-A, CCL2/MCP-1, CXCL1/GRO-α, CXCL8/IL-8, and COX-2 together with PGE2. These factors induce angiogenesis and recruit various cells into the tumor niche, including neutrophils and monocytes which, in the tumor, are transformed into tumor-associated neutrophils (TAN) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) that participate in tumorigenesis.
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Citations
Cites
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Cited by
Bai, R., Li, Y., Jian, L., Yang, Y., Zhao, L., & Wei, M. (2022) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12943-022-01645-2 · Cited by 279
Breaking Boundaries: Chronic Diseases and the Frontiers of Immune Microenvironments
Li, G., Wan, Y., Jiao, A., Jiang, K., Cui, G., Tang, J., Yu, S., Hu, Z., Zhao, S., Yi, Z., et al. (2025) · Med Research · doi:10.1002/mdr2.70007 · Cited by 63
Metadata
- Authors
- Korbecki, J., Simińska, D., Gąssowska-Dobrowolska, M., Listos, J., Gutowska, I., Chlubek, D., & Baranowska-Bosiacka, I.
- Venue
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-10-02
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 19
- Pages
- 10701
- ISSN
- 1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3203803079
- Cited by
- 380
- References
- 258
- FWCI
- 16.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
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- Korbecki, J., Simińska, D., Gąssowska-Dobrowolska, M., Listos, J., Gutowska, I., Chlubek, D., & Baranowska-Bosiacka, I. (2021). Chronic and Cycling Hypoxia: Drivers of Cancer Chronic Inflammation through HIF-1 and NF-κB Activation: A Review of the Molecular Mechanisms. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910701
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