Can Our Blood Help Ensure Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Properties in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery?
Open accessAbstract
In recent decades, the potential of PRF has been extensively studied. The number of studies about PRF has increased three times since the year 2012, but the full spectrum of its fundamental properties, such as antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity, is not clearly described. In oral and maxillofacial surgery, PRF is described in alveolar ridge preservation, orthognathic surgery, cleft lip and palate surgery, maxillary sinus augmentation, and dental implant placement as demonstrating favorable results and its clinical advantages. The structural complexity, inhomogeneous nature, and clotting ability of PRF make its antimicrobial effect evaluation complicated. Nevertheless, most of the used antimicrobial testing methods are based on antibacterial agent diffusion ability in culture media. Because the oral and maxillofacial region is the most frequent area of PRF application, its antimicrobial activity evaluation also prevails in the oral microbiome. PRF’s biological potential is highly dependent on the specific preparation protocol and methodology used; it should be carefully prepared and kept under proper conditions to keep cellular content alive. PRF’s influence on living cells demonstrates a stimulating effect on bone regeneration, and an angiogenetic effect, and it provides anti-inflammatory activity. According to analyzed studies, PRF demonstrated success in oral and maxillofacial surgery in various methods of application. Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties were proven by antibacterial activity against different bacterial species, sustained growth factor, sustained release, and cell activity on the material application. Accurately and correctly prepared PRF can ensure antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, and it can be a beneficial clinical tool in oral and maxillofacial surgery.
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The surface-sealing effect of L-PRF and its release of platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF) accelerate vascularization from the surface to deeper layers.
“In addition, the surface-sealing effect of L-PRF and its release of platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF) accelerate vascularization from the surface to deeper layers.”
From Implant-supported fixed prosthodontic treatment for ectodermal dysplasia: a case report (2026) · cites this paper as [25]
Section 4.2 reports that L-PRF membranes release PDGF-AB and describes proangiogenic effects of PRF in vitro. It does not establish a surface-sealing effect or show that these effects accelerate vascularization from the surface into deeper layers. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe porous fibrin scaffold of L-PRF provides mechanical support for soft tissue healing, helping to maintain peri-implant keratinized tissue stability.
“The porous fibrin scaffold of L-PRF provides mechanical support for soft tissue healing, helping to maintain peri-implant keratinized tissue stability [25].”
From Implant-supported fixed prosthodontic treatment for ectodermal dysplasia: a case report (2026) · cites this paper as [25]
The Introduction describes PRF as a three-dimensional structure that facilitates cell adhesion and proliferation, and §2.5 reports increased keratinized mucosa around implants after L-PRF membrane treatment. The paper does not establish that mechanical support from a porous fibrin scaffold maintains the long-term stability of peri-implant keratinized tissue; it reports a gain in tissue width at six months. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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Melo‐Ferraz, A., Coelho, C., Miller, P., Criado, M. B., & Monteiro, M. D. C. (2024) · Clinical Oral Investigations · doi:10.1007/s00784-024-05868-z · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Micko, L., Skadiņš, I., Šalms, Ģ., Dubņika, A., Egle, K., Radziņš, O., D’Este, M., Verrier, S., Dons, A., Zolovs, M., et al. (2025) · Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jcms.2025.07.018 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationJasmine, J., Batra, H., Chhabra, V., Gulati, A., & Bhardwaj, S. B. (2025) · Journal of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery · doi:10.1007/s12663-025-02619-9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Zeng, H., Wei, Y., Yu, S., Zhang, X., Qiu, Y., Miron, R. J., Wang, Y., & Zhang, Y. F. (2026) · Dentistry Journal · doi:10.3390/dj14030141 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Implant-supported fixed prosthodontic treatment for ectodermal dysplasia: a case report
Wang, Y., Chen, S., & Zhou, Y. (2026) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-026-08326-2
“The porous fibrin scaffold of L-PRF provides mechanical support for soft tissue healing, helping to maintain peri-implant keratinized tissue stability [25].”
Development of Autologous Fibrin Matrices for Medical Application
Egle, K. (2024) · doi:10.7250/9789934370922
Self-citationAssociation Between Circulating Inflammatory Cytokines and Dentofacial Anomalies
Zhang, Y., Wen, Z., Wang, X., Wu, Y., Zhang, K., Li, Y., Nuerlan, G., Ozathaley, A., Li, Q., Mao, J., et al. (2024) · International Dental Journal · doi:10.1016/j.identj.2024.09.005
- Authors
- Micko, L., Salma, I., Skadins, I., Egle, K., Salms, G., & Dubnika, A.
- Affiliations
- Riga Technical University (LV)
- Institute of Stomatology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, LV-1658 Riga, Latvia
- Corresponding author
- Micko, Lana
- Venue
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-01-05
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 1073
- ISSN
- 1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9863626
- OpenAlex
- W4313640747
- Cited by
- 12
- References
- 89
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7
- FWCI
- 0.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (857287, lzp-2020/1-0054)
- the Latvian Council of Science research project (857287, lzp-2020/1-0054)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Periodontal Regeneration and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Oral Surgery › Dental Implant Techniques and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Hemostasis and retained surgical items
- Keywords
- platelet-rich fibrin, antimicrobial activity, anti-inflammatory activity, maxillofacial surgery, alveolar ridge preservation, orthognathic surgery, cleft lip and palate surgery, maxillary sinus floor elevation, dental implant surgery, oral microbiota, bone regeneration, angiogenesis, sustained growth factor release
- MeSH terms
- Platelet-Rich Fibrin, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Cleft Lip, Cleft Palate, Humans, Surgery, Oral
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