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Cited by 175Information and Cyber SecurityNetwork Security and Intrusion DetectionCybersecurity and Information Systems

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Cyber Security in the Maritime Industry: A Systematic Survey of Recent Advances and Future Trends

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Ben Farah, Mohamed Amine, Ukwandu, Elochukwu, Hindy, Hanan, Brosset, David, Bures, Miroslav, Andonovic, Ivan, Bellekens, Xavier·2022·Information
DOI 10.3390/info13010022
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Abstract

The paper presents a classification of cyber attacks within the context of the state of the art in the maritime industry. A systematic categorization of vessel components has been conducted, complemented by an analysis of key services delivered within ports. The vulnerabilities of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) have been given particular consideration since it is a critical subcategory of many maritime infrastructures and, consequently, a target for cyber attacks. Recent research confirms that the dramatic proliferation of cyber crimes is fueled by increased levels of integration of new enabling technologies, such as IoT and Big Data. The trend to greater systems integration is, however, compelling, yielding significant business value by facilitating the operation of autonomous vessels, greater exploitation of smart ports, a reduction in the level of manpower and a marked improvement in fuel consumption and efficiency of services. Finally, practical challenges and future research trends have been highlighted.

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  • Without an up-to-date IT system, hackers can attack vessels or companies through viruses or malware, which is difficult to be detected and defended by traditional antivirus software.

    “Without an up-to-date IT system, hackers can attack vessels or companies through viruses or malware, which is difficult to be detected and defended by traditional antivirus software (Sen, 2016;Park et al., 2019;Ben Farah et al., 2022;Tusher et al., 2022).”

    From A BN driven FMEA approach to assess maritime cybersecurity risks (2023) · cites this paper as Ben Farah et al., 2022

    Section 5.2, In-Port Cyber-Attacks (page not supplied), describes malware attacks on a vessel and a shipping company and says the absence of antivirus protection facilitated one attack. Section 3, Literature Review (page not supplied), associates obsolete software with higher risk of a DoS attack. Neither passage says that traditional antivirus software has difficulty detecting or defending against malware. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Malware could lead to ransomware attacks or even Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS).

    “It could lead to ransomware attacks or even Distribute Denial of Service (DDoS) (Jones et al., 2016;Ben Farah et al., 2022).”

    From A BN driven FMEA approach to assess maritime cybersecurity risks (2023) · cites this paper as Ben Farah et al., 2022

    Section 5.2, In-Port Cyber-Attacks (page not provided), groups malware with ransomware and describes Petya as encrypted malware, supporting the ransomware part. The same section describes DDoS separately as network flooding; it does not say that malware could lead to a DDoS attack. (LLM, conf=0.83)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Sea crews using personal devices such as smartphones, tablets, or private USB devices could cause cybersecurity issues by receiving phishing emails or visiting malicious websites, and thus installing malicious viruses into vessel operational systems.

    “Sea crews using personal devices (e.g., smartphone, tablet, private USB device) could cause cybersecurity issues by receiving phishing emails or visiting malicious websites, and thus installing malicious viruses into vessel operational systems (BIMCO, 2018;Meland et al., 2021;Ben Farah et al., 2022).”

    From A BN driven FMEA approach to assess maritime cybersecurity risks (2023) · cites this paper as Ben Farah et al., 2022

    Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

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Metadata

Authors
Ben Farah, M. A., Ukwandu, E., Hindy, H., Brosset, D., Bures, M., Andonovic, I., & Bellekens, X.
Affiliations
  • Department of Networks and Cyber Security, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B4 7XG, UK
  • Cardiff Metropolitan University (GB)
  • Ain Shams University (EG)
  • École Navale (FR)
  • Department of Computer Science, FEE, Czech Technical University in Prague, Karlovo Nam. 13, 121 35 Prague, Czech Republic
  • Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Royal College Building, University of Strathclyde, 204 George St., Glasgow G1 1XW, UK
  • Atlantic Council (US)
Corresponding author
Bellekens, Xavier
ORCID
Venue
Information
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2022-01-06
Volume
13
Issue
1
Pages
22
ISSN
2078-2489 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/info13010022
OpenAlex
W4205557186
Cited by
175
References
1
Citations by year
2026: 34 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 9
FWCI
24.41
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Information (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde) (acceptedVersion)
  • BCU Open Access Repository (Birmingham City University) (acceptedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
European Union Horizon 2020 (833673)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Information and Cyber Security
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Network Security and Intrusion Detection
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Cybersecurity and Information Systems
Keywords
maritime cybersecurity, cyberattacks, port services, GNSS vulnerabilities, Internet of Things, big data, autonomous ships, smart ports, maritime infrastructure, cybercrime

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