Occurrence, Trends, Management and Outcomes of Patients Hospitalized with Clinically Suspected Myocarditis—Ten-Year Perspectives from the MYO-PL Nationwide Database
Open accessAbstract
The epidemiology of myocarditis is unknown and based mainly on small single-centre studies. The study aimed to evaluate the current incidence, clinical characteristics, management and outcomes of patients hospitalized due to myocarditis in a general population. The study was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04827706). The nationwide MYO-PL (the occurrence, trends, management and outcomes of patients with myocarditis in Poland) database (years 2009–2020) was created to identify hospitalization records with a primary diagnosis of myocarditis according to the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision (ICD 10), derived from the database of the national healthcare insurer. We identified 19,978 patients who were hospitalized with suspected myocarditis for the first time, of whom 74% were male. The standardized incidence rate of myocarditis ranged from 1.15 to 14 per 100,000 people depending on the age group and was the highest in patients aged 16–20 years. The overall incidence increased with time. The performance of the recommended diagnostic tests (in particular, endomyocardial biopsy) was low. Relative five-year survival ranged from 0.99 to 0.56—worse in younger females and older males. During a five-year follow-up, 6% of patients (3.7% and 6.9% in females and males, respectively) were re-hospitalized for myocarditis. Surprisingly, females more frequently required hospitalization due to heart failure/cardiomyopathy (10.5%) and atrial fibrillation (5%) than compared to males (7.3% and 2.2%, respectively) in the five-year follow up. In the last ten years, the incidence of suspected myocarditis increased, particularly in males. Survival rates for patients with myocarditis were worse than in the general population. Management of myocarditis requires significant improvement.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Women are more likely to develop myocarditis after menopause.
“while women are more likely to develop myocarditis after menopause, which is reviewed in previous studies. 64,113-117”
From COVID-19, Myocarditis and Pericarditis (2023) · cites this paper as [116]
Study Population and Clinical Characteristics (section 3.1; page unavailable) reports that the proportion of female patients relative to male patients increased with age and was highest in the oldest groups. It does not assess menopausal status or establish that women become more likely to develop myocarditis after menopause. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPre-COVID myocarditis occurs more often in young men under 50 years, with a sex ratio of 2 to 4:1 men to women.
“Myocarditis pre-COVID is known to occur more often in young men under the age of 50 years, with a sex ratio of 2 to 4:1 men to women”
From COVID-19, Myocarditis and Pericarditis (2023) · cites this paper as [116]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Naghavi, M., Abajobir, A. A., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abd-Allah, F., Abera, S. F., Aboyans, V., Adetokunboh, O., Afshin, A., Agrawal, A., et al. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)32152-9 · Cited by 4,821 · see citing works
Caforio, A. L. P., Pankuweit, S., Arbustini, E., Basso, C., Gimeno-Blanes, J., Felix, S. B., Fu, M., Heliö, T., Heymans, S., Jahns, R., et al. (2013) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht210 · Cited by 3,479 · see citing works
Sacks, D., Baxter, B., Campbell, B. C. V., Carpenter, J., Cognard, C., Dippel, D. W. J., Eesa, M., Fischer, U., Hausegger, K. A., Hirsch, J. A., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Stroke · doi:10.1177/1747493018778713 · Cited by 1,162 · see citing works
Sacks, D., Baxter, B., Campbell, B. C. V., Carpenter, J., Cognard, C., Dippel, D. W. J., Eesa, M., Fischer, U., Hausegger, K. A., Hirsch, J. A., et al. (2018) · Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2017.11.026 · Cited by 678 · see citing works
Sacks, D., Baxter, B., Campbell, B. C. V., Carpenter, J., Cognard, C., Dippel, D. W. J., Eesa, M., Fischer, U., Hausegger, K. A., Hirsch, J. A., et al. (2018) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a5638 · Cited by 605 · see citing works
Frustaci, A., Russo, M. A., & Chimenti, C. (2009) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehp249 · Cited by 604 · see citing works
Long-Term Follow-Up of Biopsy-Proven Viral Myocarditis
Grün, S., Schumm, J., Greulich, S., Wagner, A., Schneider, S., Bruder, O., Kispert, E.-M., Hill, S., Ong, P., Klingel, K., et al. (2012) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.01.007 · Cited by 566 · see citing works
Caforio, A. L. P., Calabrese, F., Angelini, A., Tona, F., Vinci, A., Bottaro, S., Ramondo, A. B., Carturan, E., Iliceto, S., Thiene, G., et al. (2007) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehm076 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
Ammirati, E., Cipriani, M., Moro, C., Raineri, C., Pini, D., Sormani, P., Mantovani, R., Varrenti, M., Pedrotti, P., Conca, C., et al. (2018) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.118.035319 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Survival and Left Ventricular Function Changes in Fulminant Versus Nonfulminant Acute Myocarditis
Ammirati, E., Cipriani, M., Lilliu, M., Sormani, P., Varrenti, M., Raineri, C., Petrella, D., Garascia, A., Pedrotti, P., Roghi, A., et al. (2017) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.117.026386 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Basso, C., Calabrese, F., Corrado, D., & Thiene, G. (2001) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1016/s0008-6363(01)00261-9 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Clinical and Demographic Predictors of Outcomes in Recent Onset Dilated Cardiomyopathy
McNamara, D. M., Starling, R. C., Cooper, L. T., BOEHMER, J. P., Mather, P. J., Janosko, K. M., Gorcsan, J., Kip, K. E., & Dec, G. W. (2011) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.05.033 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Gore, I., & Saphir, O. (1947) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/0002-8703(47)90147-6 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Myocarditis in Clinical Practice
Sinagra, G., Anzini, M., Pereira, N. L., Bussani, R., Finocchiaro, G., Bartúnek, J., & Merlo, M. (2016) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.05.013 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Occurrence and Features of Childhood Myocarditis: A Nationwide Study in Finland
Arola, A. M., Pikkarainen, E., Sipilä, J., Pykäri, J., Rautava, P. T., & Kytö, V. (2017) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.116.005306 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
The effects of gender and age on occurrence of clinically suspected myocarditis in adulthood
Kytö, V., Sipilä, J., & Rautava, P. (2013) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2013-304449 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Myocarditis: A Clinical Overview
Caforio, A. L. P., Malipiero, G., Marcolongo, R., & Iliceto, S. (2017) · Current Cardiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11886-017-0870-x · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Lynge, T. H., Nielsen, T. S., Winkel, B. G., Tfelt-Hansen, J., & Banner, J. (2019) · Forensic Sciences Research · doi:10.1080/20961790.2019.1595352 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Epidemiology Characteristics and Outcome of Patients With Clinically Diagnosed Acute Myocarditis
Younis, A., Matetzky, S., Mulla, W., Masalha, E., Afel, Y., Chernomordik, F., Fardman, A., Goitein, O., Ben-Zekry, S., Peled, Y., et al. (2020) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.10.015 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
National Trends, Gender, Management, and Outcomes of Patients Hospitalized for Myocarditis
Shah, Z. I., Mohammed, M., Vuddanda, V. L. K., Ansari, M. W., Masoomi, R., & Gupta, K. (2019) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.03.036 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Ozierański, K., Tymińska, A., Jonik, S., Marcolongo, R., Baritussio, A., Grabowski, M., Filipiak, K. J., Opolski, G., & Caforio, A. L. P. (2020) · Journal of Cardiac Failure · doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2020.11.002 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationEfficacy of immunosuppressive therapy in myocarditis: A 30-year systematic review and meta analysis
Cheng, C.-Y., Cheng, G.-Y., Shan, Z.-G., Baritussio, A., Lorenzoni, G., Tyminska, A., Ozieranski, K., Iliceto, S., Marcolongo, R., Gregori, D., et al. (2021) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102710 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationMyocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy in 2021 – an update
Tymińska, A., Ozierański, K., Caforio, A. L. P., Marcolongo, R., Marchel, M., Kapłon‐Cieślicka, A., Baritussio, A., Filipiak, K. J., Opolski, G., & Grabowski, M. (2021) · Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnętrznej · doi:10.20452/pamw.16010 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationElbadawi, A., Elgendy, I. Y., Ha, L. D., Mentias, A. G., Ogunbayo, G. O., Tahir, M. W., Biniwale, N., Olorunfemi, O. E., Barssoum, K. N., & Guglin, M. E. (2018) · Journal of Cardiac Failure · doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2018.03.013 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Younis, A., Mulla, W., Matetzky, S., Massalha, E., Afel, Y., Fardman, A., Goitein, O., Arad, M., Mazin, I., & Beigel, R. (2020) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.02.040 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Wojtyniak, B., Gierlotka, M. J., Opolski, G., Rabczenko, D., Ozierański, K., Gąsior, M., Chlebus, K., Wierucki, Ł., Rutkowski, D., Dziełak, D., et al. (2020) · Kardiologia Polska · doi:10.33963/kp.15465 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationClinically suspected myocarditis in the course of coronavirus infection
Ozierański, K., Tymińska, A., & Caforio, A. L. P. (2020) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa353 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
COVID-19, Myocarditis and Pericarditis
Fairweather, D., Beetler, D. J., Di Florio, D. N., Musigk, N., Heidecker, B., & Cooper, L. T. (2023) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.123.321878 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Sex and gender differences in myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: An update
Fairweather, D., Beetler, D. J., Musigk, N., Heidecker, B., Lyle, M. A., Cooper, L. T., & Bruno, K. A. (2023) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2023.1129348 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Bernhard, B., Schnyder, A., Garachemani, D., Fischer, K., Tanner, G., Safarkhanlo, Y., Stark, A. W., Schütze, J., Pavlicek‐Bahlo, M., Greulich, S., et al. (2022) · JACC. Cardiovascular imaging · doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2022.08.011 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Personalized Management of Myocarditis and Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy in Clinical Practice
Tymińska, A., Ozierański, K., Skwarek, A., Kapłon‐Cieślicka, A., Baritussio, A., Grabowski, M., Marcolongo, R., & Caforio, A. L. P. (2022) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm12020183 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationChabior, A., Tymińska, A., Pawlak, A., Giordani, A. S., Caforio, A. L. P., Grabowski, M., & Ozierański, K. (2024) · Cardiology Journal · doi:10.5603/cj.95175 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationOzierański, K., Tymińska, A., Skwarek, A., Kruk, M., Koń, B., Biliński, J., Opolski, G., & Grabowski, M. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10235502 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationRoy, R., Cannata, A. N., Al-Agil, M., Ferone, E., Jordan, A., To-Dang, B., Sadler, M., Shamsi, A., Albarjas, M., Piper, S. E., et al. (2023) · European Heart Journal - Quality of Care and Clinical Outcomes · doi:10.1093/ehjqcco/qcad061 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Grzechocińska, J., Tymińska, A., Giordani, A. S., Wysińska, J., Ostrowska, E., Baritussio, A., Caforio, A. L. P., Grabowski, M., Marcolongo, R., & Ozierański, K. (2023) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology12030356 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationKamsheh, A. M., Edelson, J. B., Faerber, J., Mondal, A., Quarshie, W. O., Edwards, J. J., Lin, K. Y., O’Connor, M. J., Wittlieb‐Weber, C. A., Maeda, K., et al. (2023) · JHLT Open · doi:10.1016/j.jhlto.2023.100026 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Ozierański, K., Tymińska, A., Chabior, A., Kruk, M., Koń, B., Maciejewski, C., Opolski, G., & Grabowski, M. (2022) · Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnętrznej · doi:10.20452/pamw.16199 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationSchelldorfer, A., Gregoriano, C., Hauser, S. I., Fuchs, T. A., Müeller, B., Schüetz, P., & Kutz, A. (2024) · European Heart Journal Acute Cardiovascular Care · doi:10.1093/ehjacc/zuae021 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Ricci, J. F., Farahani, N. A. S., Davis, C., Ritter, K. G., Parrow, L. M., Tomerlin, P. I., Darakjian, A. A., Gegoutchadze, K., Gupta, D., & Bruno, K. A. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1601307 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Sex differences in left-ventricular strain in a murine model of coxsackievirus B3 myocarditis
Florio, D. N. D., Macomb, L. P., Giresi, P. G., Beetler, D. J., Bonvie-Hill, N. E., Shapiro, K. A., Naser, A.-R. N., Khatib, S., Whelan, E. R., Weigel, G. J., et al. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.108493 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Friedrich, M. G., & Chetrit, M. (2022) · JACC. Cardiovascular imaging · doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2022.10.016 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Sex differences in coronavirus disease 2019 myocarditis
Beetler, D. J., & Fairweather, D. (2023) · Current Opinion in Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cophys.2023.100704 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Changing Epidemiology of Myocarditis in Australia: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Kwan, T. N., Kwan, G., Brieger, D. B., Kritharides, L., Chow, V., & Ng, A. C. C. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13237111 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Sex and autoimmunity in acute myocarditis: time for a refresh
Cooper, L. T. (2022) · European Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ejhf.2529 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Pascual-Figal, D. A., García‐Serna, A. M., Esteban-Gil, Á., Fuster, J. J., Martín, P., Sánchez‐Cabo, F., Uribarri, A., Iniesta-Manjavacas, Á. M., Larrañaga-Moreira, J. M., López‐Fernández, S., et al. (2026) · ESC Heart Failure · doi:10.1093/eschf/xvag022 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Multiparametric Cardiac Magnetic Resonance and Arrhythmias in Myocarditis
Matusik, P. S., Popiela, T. J., Darma, A., Gül, E. E., & Matusik, P. T. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12113754 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kwan, T. N., Ravindran, J., Alsadat, N., Kwan, G., Brieger, D. B., Chow, V., Kritharides, L., & Ng, A. C. C. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14124089
Roumiani, P. H., Yaghoubi, M., Nozari, F., Taheri, M., Tabatabaei, M. S. H. Z., Ahmadi, Z., Azarboo, A., Eskandari, R., Khadembashiri, M. A., & Khadembashiri, M. M. (2025) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12872-025-05116-6
Lundgren, N. L. O., Godtfredsen, S. J., Riddersholm, S. J., Krogager, M. L., Andersen, N. H., Andersen, M. P., Torp-Pedersen, C. T., Hagendorff, A., Søgaard, P., Dreyer, L., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2025.134119
Zhang, X., Wang, C., Cheng, C., Xiang, Z., & Huang, Y. (2026) · The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s10554-026-03797-4
Héritier, J., Laager, R., Schelldorfer, A., Gregoriano, C., Müeller, B., Schüetz, P., & Kutz, A. (2026) · Swiss Medical Weekly · doi:10.57187/4794
- Authors
- Ozierański, K., Tymińska, A., Kruk, M., Koń, B., Skwarek, A., Opolski, G., & Grabowski, M.
- Affiliations
- Medical University of Warsaw (PL)
- National Health Fund, 02-528 Warsaw, Poland
- Corresponding author
- Tymińska, Agata
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Medicine
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-10-12
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 20
- Pages
- 4672
- ISSN
- 2077-0383 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8539273
- OpenAlex
- W3206129070
- Cited by
- 23
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 2.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Viral Infections and Immunology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Kawasaki Disease and Coronary Complications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Streptococcal Infections and Treatments
- Keywords
- myocarditis, incidence, hospitalization, survival, hospital readmission, endomyocardial biopsy, diagnostic testing, sex differences, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation, Poland
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
