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Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 in Development and Bone Homeostasis
Open accessAbstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are multi-functional growth factors belonging to the Transforming Growth Factor-Beta (TGF-β) superfamily. These proteins are essential to many developmental processes, including cardiogenesis, neurogenesis, and osteogenesis. Specifically, within the BMP family, Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (BMP-2) was the first BMP to be characterized and has been well-studied. BMP-2 has important roles during embryonic development, as well as bone remodeling and homeostasis in adulthood. Some of its specific functions include digit formation and activating osteogenic genes, such as Runt-Related Transcription Factor 2 (RUNX2). Because of its diverse functions and osteogenic potential, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved usage of recombinant human BMP-2 (rhBMP-2) during spinal fusion surgery, tibial shaft repair, and maxillary sinus reconstructive surgery. However, shortly after initial injections of rhBMP-2, several adverse complications were reported, and alternative therapeutics have been developed to limit these side-effects. As the clinical application of BMP-2 is largely implicated in bone, we focus primarily on its role in bone. However, we also describe briefly the role of BMP-2 in development. We then focus on the structure of BMP-2, its activation and regulation signaling pathways, BMP-2 clinical applications, and limitations of using BMP-2 as a therapeutic. Further, this review explores other potential treatments that may be useful in treating bone disorders.
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“BMP-2 has known roles in development [36], on tumorigenesis, [37] and in various body tissues [38–40].”
From Keratin Scaffold Formulation Impacts rhBMP-2 Biodistribution and Bone Regeneration in a Rat Femur Defect Model (2025) · cites this paper as [36]
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1 retracted
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Metadata
- Authors
- Halloran, D., Durbano, H. W., & Nohe, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Delaware (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nohe, Anja
- Venue
- Journal of Developmental Biology
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-09-13
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 19
- ISSN
- 2221-3759 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7557435
- OpenAlex
- W3085579791
- Cited by
- 348
- References
- 312
- Citations by year
- 2026: 57 · 2025: 86 · 2024: 79 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 2.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Developmental Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › TGF-β signaling in diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bone Metabolism and Diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Keywords
- BMP-2, BMP signaling, TGF-beta superfamily, bone homeostasis, bone remodeling, bone formation, embryonic development, digit formation, Runx2, recombinant human BMP-2, bone graft substitutes, spinal fusion, maxillary sinus reconstruction, bone disease
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