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The Impact of Perception–Action Training Devices on Quickness and Reaction Time in Female Volleyball Players
Open accessAbstract
The objective of this study was to examine the effect of a training program utilizing action perception technology (PAD) tools on improving the motor reaction times and neuromuscular capabilities of the upper and lower limbs compared to a traditional training program. Twenty-four female volleyball players competing in the Italian national championship were randomized into two groups of 12 athletes each: an experimental group (EG) and a control group (CG). A preliminary analysis confirmed the absence of significant differences in age and anthropometric characteristics between the groups. All the players underwent an initial battery of tests (pre-test), including Reaction Time simple Upper and Lower Limb (RTsUL and RTsLL) and Tapping Upper and Lower Limb (TUL and TLL). During a 6-week training program, the experimental group used exercises with a technological system of illuminated disks, while the control group followed the traditional training methods without advanced technology. At the end of the program, both groups were subjected to final tests (post-test). The main results show that after 6 weeks, both groups improved their performance compared to the initial tests. However, EG achieved significantly better results than CG in every test, with significant reductions in average times (ip%) of −14.9% in RTsUL (DX = −0.072 s, t = 23.2, p < 0.05, d = 6.7), −14.9% in RTsLL (DX = −0.091 s, t = 44.0, p < 0.05, d = 12.7), −10.6% in TUL (DX = −0.622 s, t = 42.0, p < 0.05, d = 12.1), and −10.7% in TLL (DX = −0.983 s, t = 43.1, p < 0.05, d = 12.4). The use of light-based perception–action technology devices in volleyball training has shown potential for significantly improving movement speed and reaction time. However, further research is needed to determine whether these improvements actually translate into enhanced overall performance in competitive contexts compared to the traditional training methods.
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The present study extends literature that ties agility and reaction time to perceptual-cognitive factors and sport-specific stimuli by showing that a brief, structured psychological intervention can enhance these motor outcomes alongside mental-health indicators.
“The present study extends literature that ties agility and reaction time to perceptual–cognitive factors and sport-specific stimuli [3,4,5,6,7,9,10,11,12,13,15,68] by showing that a brief, structured psychological intervention can enhance these motor outcomes alongside mental-health indicators.”
From Effects of the SmartACT Intervention on Motor and Psychological Variables in Adolescent Athletes: A Controlled Trial Using BlazePod and Microgate. (2025) · cites this paper as [4]
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Li, H., Chen, M., Zhuang, M., Deng, H., Wang, H., & Li, H. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18152429
“Although current position statements commonly discuss caffeine within the range of approximately 3–6 mg · kg − 1 and caution against unnecessary higher doses because of side effects, the present dataset does not identify an optimal dose or timing strategy for female team-sport athletes [10,59].”
Nagy, A., Ordean, M. N., Grosu, V. T., Mancini, N., Mancini, S., Neagu, S. G., Grosu, E. F., Aducovschi, D., SABĂU, A. M., & Mihaiu, C. (2026) · Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology · doi:10.3390/jfmk11040399
“A technology-assisted neuromuscular training phase used the BlazePod system (Play Pulse Ltd., Tel Aviv, Israel), with wireless illuminated pods emitting color/sound stimuli to which athletes responded in pairs [27,28].”
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Mancini, N., Di Padova, M., Polito, R., Mancini, S., Dipace, A., Basta, A., Colella, D., Limone, P., Messina, G., Monda, M., Monda, A., Guerriero, M. A., Messina, A., & Moscatelli, F.
- Affiliations
- Pegaso University (IT)
- Department of Humanistic Studies, University of Foggia, 71121 Foggia, Italy
- University of Foggia (IT)
- University of Salento (IT)
- University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (IT)
- San Raffaele University of Rome (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Messina, Antonietta
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2024-08-27
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 147
- ISSN
- 2411-5142 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11417884
- OpenAlex
- W4401913899
- Cited by
- 29
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 2
- FWCI
- 12.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- AIRUS (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (submittedVersion)
- IRIS eCampus Telematic University (Università degli Studi eCampus) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Sports and Physical Education Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Keywords
- perception-action coupling, reaction time, quickness, volleyball, female athletes, tapping test, motor speed, neuromuscular performance
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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