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Cited by 55Epilepsy research and treatmentDiet and metabolism studiesPharmacological Effects and Toxicity Studies

State of the Art and Challenges in Epilepsy—A Narrative Review

Open access
Manole, Aida, Sirbu, Carmen, Mititelu, Mihaela, Vasiliu, Octavian, Lorusso, Lorenzo, Sirbu, Octavian, Ionita Radu, Florentina·2023·Journal of Personalized Medicine
DOI 10.3390/jpm13040623PMC PMC10140944
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Abstract

Epilepsy is a common condition worldwide, with approximately 50 million people suffering from it. A single seizure does not mean epilepsy; almost 10% of the population can have a seizure during their lifetime. In particular, there are many other central nervous system disorders other than epilepsy in which seizures occur, either transiently or as a comorbid condition. The impact of seizures and epilepsy is, therefore, widespread and easily underestimated. It is estimated that about 70% of patients with epilepsy could be seizure-free if correctly diagnosed and treated. However, for patients with epilepsy, quality of life is influenced not only by seizure control but also by antiepileptic drug-adverse reactions, access to education, mood, employment, and transportation.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This narrative review summarizes current definitions, classification, etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and challenges in epilepsy, emphasizing that about 70% of patients could be seizure-free with correct diagnosis and treatment. It also highlights quality-of-life, psychiatric, and drug-resistant epilepsy issues beyond seizure control.

Key findings

  • Epilepsy affects approximately 50 million people worldwide; 8–10% of the population has a seizure during their lifetime, seizures account for 1–2% of emergency room presentations, and about a quarter of these are first seizures.
  • The ILAE definition since 2014 includes at least two unprovoked/reflex seizures >24 h apart, one unprovoked/reflex seizure with ≥60% recurrence risk over the next 10 years, or diagnosis of an epilepsy syndrome.
  • About 70–80% of patients are well controlled therapeutically; drug-resistant epilepsy is failure of two tolerated, appropriately chosen antiepileptic drugs, and in idiopathic generalized epilepsy about 35% require adjuvant therapy.
  • Psychiatric burden is high: cumulative lifetime prevalence of 23% for depression and 20% for anxiety; patients are twice as likely to have suicidal thoughts and up to 3 times more likely to die by suicide compared with the general population.

Methods

  • Design: narrative review; no systematic search strategy, databases, inclusion/exclusion criteria, or data extraction methods are reported.
  • Data/sample: published literature and guidelines, including ILAE classification and treatment evidence; no primary patient data are presented.
  • Main analysis: narrative synthesis with tables covering seizure classification, causes of seizures/epilepsy, common childhood syndromes, paraclinical examinations, and epilepsy mimics.

Limitations

  • The paper states no limitations.
  • Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it lacks a described systematic search, quality appraisal, and quantitative synthesis, so selection and interpretation bias cannot be assessed.
  • Evident from the text: no primary data, sample size, or formal outcome analysis are provided.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/jpm13040623

Cites

61 of 61 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

19 of 53 cited sources checked · 3 supported · 2 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation
    § 6. Evolution, Complication, and Prognostic · p. 7

    The average daily number of hospital visits was significantly higher in January and February than in other months of the year.

    “Moreover, the average daily number of hospital visits was significantly high in January and February than in other months of the year.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [33] Mitrica, 2020, The seasonal incidence of intracranial hemorrhages, Romanian J. Mil. Med. source

      The Results (pp. 2, 4) place the highest incidence of intracranial hemorrhage cases in the transitional seasons, especially autumn, rather than in winter. The paper does not report average daily hospital visits or a significant January–February increase; its reported seasonal pattern points the other way. (LLM, conf=0.83)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation
    § 6. Evolution, Complication, and Prognostic · p. 7

    Some studies have shown an increased incidence of seizures directly proportional to environmental factors such as ambient temperature, methane (CH4), and nitric oxide (NO).

    “Suportting the factors described above, some studies have shown an increased incidence of seizures directly proportional to environmental factors such as ambient temperature, methane (CH4), and nitric oxide (NO).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [33] Mitrica, 2020, The seasonal incidence of intracranial hemorrhages, Romanian J. Mil. Med. source

      The Discussions (p. 5) link temperature and humidity to intracranial hemorrhage, not seizures. Searches for seizures, methane (CH4), nitric oxide (NO), and a directly proportional relationship found no passage addressing the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.77)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation
    § 7. Healthcare of people with Epilepsy · p. 7

    In a survey of people with epilepsy, driving was rated as the main concern impacting quality of life.

    “In a survey of people with epilepsy, driving was rated as the main concern that impacts the quality of life.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [41] Naik, 2015, Do drivers with epilepsy have higher rates of motor vehicle accidents than those without epilepsy?, Epilepsy Behav. source

      The Introduction (p. 111) says that limitations on driving can adversely affect quality of life for people with epilepsy. It does not report a survey ranking driving as their main concern; the Methods (p. 111) describe a systematic review of motor vehicle accident risk instead. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation
    § 7. Healthcare of people with Epilepsy · p. 7

    Severity of depression is directly proportional to increased likelihood of uncontrolled seizures.

    “Furthermore, the severity of depression is directly proportional to an increased likelihood of uncontrolled seizures and has been correlated with lower adherence to antiepileptic drugs [37].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [37] Josephson, 2017, Association of Depression and Treated Depression With Epilepsy and Seizure Outcomes, JAMA Neurol. source

      The Results report that patients with depression had higher odds of failing to achieve one-year seizure freedom, and that depression treatment—used as a proxy for severity—was associated with still higher odds. The paper does not establish a directly proportional relationship between measured depression severity and uncontrolled seizures. It also does not report the cited sentence’s correlation with lower adherence to antiepileptic drugs. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation
    § 7. Healthcare of people with Epilepsy · p. 7

    Severity of depression is correlated with lower adherence to antiepileptic drugs.

    “Furthermore, the severity of depression is directly proportional to an increased likelihood of uncontrolled seizures and has been correlated with lower adherence to antiepileptic drugs [37].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [37] Josephson, 2017, Association of Depression and Treated Depression With Epilepsy and Seizure Outcomes, JAMA Neurol. source

      The Results (page not available) associate depression and depression treatment, used as a proxy for severity, with higher odds of failing to achieve one-year seizure freedom. They account for whether patients were taking an antiepileptic drug, but do not report whether patients adhered to it. The claimed correlation with lower drug adherence is therefore unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 9
  • May combine two claims. 20

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 7. Healthcare of people with Epilepsy · p. 7

    Meta-analyses of population-based studies indicate a cumulative lifetime prevalence of 23% for depression and 20% for anxiety in people with epilepsy.

    “Meta-analyses of population-based studies indicate a cumulative lifetime prevalence of 23% for depression and 20% for anxiety.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [35] Fiest, 2012, Depression in epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Neurology source

      The “Lifetime depression in persons with epilepsy” section reports a pooled lifetime prevalence of 13.0%, not 23%. The “Active depression” section gives 23.1% for active depression, which appears to be the figure mislabelled as lifetime prevalence. The cited paper does not report a pooled lifetime anxiety prevalence of 20%. (LLM, conf=0.90)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [36] Scott, 2017, Anxiety and depressive disorders in people with epilepsy: A meta-analysis, Epilepsia source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 6. Evolution, Complication, and Prognostic · p. 7

    Some seizures may be caused by an underlying etiology such as cerebral hemorrhages, and the risk of their occurrence depends on variations in temperature and atmospheric humidity.

    “Some seizures may be caused by an underlying etiology, such as cerebral hemorrhages, and the risk of their occurrence depends on variations in temperature and atmospheric humidity [33].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [33] Mitrica, 2020, The seasonal incidence of intracranial hemorrhages, Romanian J. Mil. Med. source

      The Discussions (p. 5) say that variations in temperature and atmospheric humidity are considered catalysts for hemorrhaging events. The paper does not address whether cerebral hemorrhages cause seizures or whether those conditions affect seizure risk; its environmental-risk statement concerns hemorrhages, not seizures. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 5. Diagnostic of Epilepsy · p. 5

    FLAIR has a 97% accuracy in detecting abnormalities, especially temporal sclerosis.

    “FLAIR has a 97% accuracy in detecting abnormalities, especially temporal sclerosis [22,23].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [22] Krumholz, 2007, Practice Parameter: Evaluating an apparent unprovoked first seizure in adults (an evidence- based review): Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society, Am. Epilepsy Soc. Neurol. source

      The Neuroimaging studies section discusses the yield of CT and MRI for detecting abnormalities after a first seizure, but gives no accuracy figure for FLAIR. Searches for FLAIR, 97% accuracy, and temporal sclerosis found no passage addressing the specific claim; the 97% in Table 1 refers to the proportion of patients who received EEG, not imaging accuracy. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [23] 2017, Cinical utility of serum lactate levels for differential diagnosis of generalized tonic-clonic seizures from psychogenic nonepileptic seizures and syncope, Epilepsy Behav. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 7. Healthcare of people with Epilepsy · p. 7

    People with epilepsy are twice as likely to have suicidal thoughts and up to 3 times more likely to die by suicide compared to the general population.

    “In addition, they have been shown to be twice as likely to have suicidal thoughts and up to 3 times more likely to die by suicide compared to the general population [35,36].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [35] Fiest, 2012, Depression in epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Neurology source

      The sections on active and lifetime depression report depression prevalence and odds in people with epilepsy, not suicidal thoughts or death by suicide. Searches for suicidal ideation and suicide mortality found no passage in our copy supporting either comparison with the general population. (LLM, conf=0.75)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [36] Scott, 2017, Anxiety and depressive disorders in people with epilepsy: A meta-analysis, Epilepsia source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 7. Healthcare of people with Epilepsy · p. 8

    In children with inherited metabolic disease, the elementary healthcare provider is commonly either a pediatric neurologist or a metabolic pediatrician.

    “In children with inherited metabolic disease, the elementary healthcare provider is commonly either a pediatric neurologist or a metabolic pediatrician.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [43] Grikiniene, 2022, Multidisciplinary Care of Patients with Inherited Metabolic Diseases and Epilepsy: Current Perspectives, J. Multidiscip. Healthcare source

      The Discussion section, under “Life and Disease Stage-Related Issues,” says the primary care provider is usually a pediatric neurologist or metabolic pediatrician for children with inherited metabolic diseases that involve epilepsy or seizures. The claim omits that condition and extends the statement to children with inherited metabolic disease generally. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 9. Drug-Resistant Epilepsy · p. 10

    Positron emission tomography (PET) has proven useful, especially in cases with negative MRI; there may be areas of hypometabolism that can confirm the epileptogenic site.

    “Positron emission tomography (PET) has proven to be useful, especially in cases with negative MRI; there may be areas of hypometabolism that can confirm the epileptogenic site [53].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [53] Capraz, 2015, Surgical outcome in patients with MRI-negative, PET-positive temporal lobe epilepsy, Seizure source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 7. Healthcare of people with Epilepsy · p. 8

    In the changeover from pediatric to adult neurologist, the biggest issue may be exaggerated patient and/or family anxiety, which is entirely resolved with proper coordination.

    “While in the changeover from pediatric to adult neurologist, the biggest issue may be exaggerated patient and/or family anxiety, which is entirely resolved with proper coordination, the transition between metabolic medicine specialists is usually difficult due to a deficit of adult specialists in this domain [43].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [43] Grikiniene, 2022, Multidisciplinary Care of Patients with Inherited Metabolic Diseases and Epilepsy: Current Perspectives, J. Multidiscip. Healthcare source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 7. Healthcare of people with Epilepsy · p. 7

    In the USA, total spending on epilepsy reached 12.5 billion dollars, of which 85% are not directly related expenses.

    “In the USA, the total spending on this disease reached 12.5 billion dollars, of which 85% is the not directly related expenses.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [34] Pan, 2019, The impact of major dietary patterns on glycemic control, cardiovascular risk factors, and weight loss in patients with type 2 diabetes: A network meta-analysis, J. Evid.-Based Med. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 5. Diagnostic of Epilepsy · p. 5

    Patients with epileptic seizures may be misdiagnosed as migraine, encephalitis, or other paroxysmal non-epileptic events and are likely to be mismanaged with treatments that cannot help them and also deprived of specific therapies.

    “Also, patients with epileptic seizures may be misdiagnosed as migraine, encephalitis, or other paroxysmal non-epileptic events and are likely to be mismanaged with treatments that cannot help them and also deprived of specific therapies [26].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [26] Panayiotopoulps, C.P. (2005). The Epilepsies, Seizure, Syndromes and Management, Bladon Medical Publishing.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 7. Healthcare of people with Epilepsy · p. 7

    For people with epilepsy, costs include days lost from work and school, unemployment, social isolation, poor social life, and minimal emotional and financial support.

    “For these people, these costs are also countable in days lost from work and school, unemployment, social isolation, poor social life, and minimal emotional and financial support [34].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [34] Pan, 2019, The impact of major dietary patterns on glycemic control, cardiovascular risk factors, and weight loss in patients with type 2 diabetes: A network meta-analysis, J. Evid.-Based Med. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 6. Evolution, Complication, and Prognostic · p. 7

    Sequelae of seizure-related injuries can include shoulder dislocation, vertebral fractures, and in more severe cases, subdural hematoma.

    “Sequelae can lead to shoulder dislocation, vertebral fractures, and in more severe cases, subdural hematoma [30].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [30] Katherine, 2019, Counseling an Management of the Risks of Living With Epilepsy, Continuum

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 6. Evolution, Complication, and Prognostic · p. 7

    Risk factors for SUDEP include presence of generalized tonic-clonic seizures, >3 generalized tonic-clonic seizures per year, and uncontrolled, pharmacoresistant epilepsy.

    “A couple of risk factors have been identified: the presence of generalized tonic-clonic seizures, >3 generalized tonic-clonic seizures per year, and uncontrolled, pharmacoresistant epilepsy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [31] Nair, 2016, Management of Drug-Resistant Epilepsy, Continuum source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 6. Evolution, Complication, and Prognostic · p. 7

    The majority of patients with epilepsy, around 70%-80%, are well-controlled therapeutically.

    “The majority of patients, around 70%-80%, are well-controlled therapeutically.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [31] Nair, 2016, Management of Drug-Resistant Epilepsy, Continuum source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 5. Diagnostic of Epilepsy · p. 5

    Neuroimaging helps identify the underlying etiology of focal or generalized seizures and the location of the epileptogenic area and determine the surgical location in focal pharmacoresistant epilepsies.

    “Neuroimaging helps us to identify the underlying etiology of focal or generalized seizures and the location of the epileptogenic area and to determine the surgical location in focal pharmacoresistant epilepsies [19].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [19] Bernasconi, 2011, Advances in MRI for ‘cryptogenic’ epilepsies, Nat. Rev. Neurol. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 5. Diagnostic of Epilepsy · p. 5

    The epilepsy protocol should also include a 3D T1 with a volumetric acquisition, which allows better assessment of cortical dysplasia or discrete focal lesions.

    “The epilepsy protocol should also include a 3D T1 with a volumetric acquisition, which allows better assessment of cortical dysplasia or discrete focal lesions [21].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [21] Duncan, 2010, Imaging in the surgical treatment of epilepsy, Nat. Rev. Neurol. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 5. Diagnostic of Epilepsy · p. 5

    Patients with non-epileptic disorders may be misdiagnosed and automatically mismedicated.

    “This can happen in patients with non-epileptic disorders who may be misdiagnosed and automatically mismedicated.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 6. Evolution, Complication, and Prognostic · p. 7

    Risk factors for seizure-related injury include epilepsy not under therapeutic control, seizures with altered consciousness, and therapeutic neglect.

    “Additional risk factors are epilepsy not under therapeutic control, seizures with altered consciousness, and therapeutic neglect.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [30] Katherine, 2019, Counseling an Management of the Risks of Living With Epilepsy, Continuum

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 9. Drug-Resistant Epilepsy · p. 9

    In some patients with Dravet syndrome or Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, cannabidiol can be used; it is an enzyme-inhibiting drug that can boost serum concentrations of the active metabolite of clobazam.

    “In some patients with Dravet syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, cannabidiol can be used, an enzyme-inhibiting drug that can boost serum concentrations of the active metabolite of clobazam [50].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [50] Verrotti, 2020, Pharmacodynamic interactions of antiepileptic drugs: From bench to clinical practice, Epilepsy Behav. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 7. Healthcare of people with Epilepsy · p. 7

    Most seizure-related incidents are of low to moderate severity and generally include lacerations, fractures, dental injuries, contusions, and burns.

    “Most related incidents are of low to moderate severity and generally include lacerations, fractures, dental injuries, contusions, and burns.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [42] Camfield, 2015, Injuries from seizures are a serious, persistent problem in childhood onset epilepsy: A population-based study, Seizure source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 9. Drug-Resistant Epilepsy · p. 9

    Preferred combinations for polytherapy are those that have different mechanisms of action or that have multiple mechanisms of action.

    “Preferred combinations are those that have different mechanisms of action or that have multiple mechanisms of action [49].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [49] Brigo, 2013, When one plus one makes three: The quest for rational antiepileptic polytherapy with supraadditive anticonvulsant efficacy, Epilepsy Behav. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 7. Healthcare of people with Epilepsy · p. 7

    Seizures with impaired consciousness can lead to burns, drowning, and motor vehicle accidents.

    “Seizures with impaired consciousness can lead to burns, drowning, and motor vehicle accidents.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [42] Camfield, 2015, Injuries from seizures are a serious, persistent problem in childhood onset epilepsy: A population-based study, Seizure source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 8. Treatment of Epilepsy-Principles of the Current Status · p. 9

    For focal seizures, lamotrigine and levetiracetam were considerably superior to carbamazepine, which was better than phenytoin and phenobarbital.

    “Results of the meta-analysis demonstrated that for focal seizures, lamotrigine and levetiracetam were considerably superior to carbamazepine, which was better than phenytoin and phenobarbital.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [45] Bauer, 2019, Optimizing Management of Medically Responsive Epilepsy, Contin. Lifelong Learn. Neurol. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 9. Drug-Resistant Epilepsy · p. 9

    Criteria for ideal and rational polytherapy include synergistic effects and infraadditive toxicity.

    “Therefore, in order to have an ideal and rational polytherapy, some criteria should be met: synergistic effects (their mixed effectiveness should be higher than the sum of the efficacy of each individual anticonvulsant drug) and infraadditive toxicity (their summed toxicity should be lower than the individual one).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [49] Brigo, 2013, When one plus one makes three: The quest for rational antiepileptic polytherapy with supraadditive anticonvulsant efficacy, Epilepsy Behav. source
23 of 23

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    About 70% of patients with epilepsy could be seizure-free if correctly diagnosed and treated.

    “It is estimated that about 70% of patients with epilepsy could be seizure-free if correctly diagnosed and treated.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Depression in epilepsy is under-detected and underdiagnosed.

    “Despite the implications of life quality, depression in epilepsy is under-detected and underdiagnosed.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Cognitive impairment is a common problem in epilepsy.

    “In this category, we can add cognitive impairment, a common problem.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Cognitive impairment in epilepsy depends on several factors: seizure frequency, type of treatment, early onset, interictal discharges, educational level, and polypharmacy.

    “It depends on several factors: seizure frequency, type of treatment, early onset, interictal discharges, educational level, and polypharmacy.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Cognitive impairment in epilepsy can manifest differently depending on the area or areas affected, such as memory disorder, executive dysfunction, slowed psychomotor speed, sustained attention-deficit disorder, visual-spatial disorder, and anomic aphasia.

    “It can manifest differently depending on the area or areas affected, such as memory disorder, executive dysfunction, slowed psychomotor speed, sustained attention-deficit disorder, visual-spatial disorder, and anomic aphasia.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Quality of life is determined not only by seizure control but also by side effects of medication, relationships, school education, employment, and transport.

    “Quality of life is determined not only by seizure control but also by side effects of medication, relationships, school education, employment, and transport.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The major determinants in the selection of antiepileptic therapy are the types of seizure and epilepsy.

    “The major determinants in the selection of antiepileptic therapy are the types of seizure and epilepsy.”
7 of 7

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. John, 2008, Consensus statement: The evaluation and treatment of people with epilepsy and affective disorders, Epilepsy Behav., 13, S1, 10.1016/j.yebeh.2008.04.005 · DOI · Paper page

Cited by

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Related

Authors
Manole, A., Sirbu, C., Mititelu, M., Vasiliu, O., Lorusso, L., Sirbu, O., & Ionita Radu, F.
Affiliations
  • Spitalul Universitar de Urgenţă Militar Central Dr. Carol Davila (RO)
  • Clinical Neurosciences Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila” Bucharest, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
  • Nuclear Medicine Department, ‘Dr. Carol Davila’ Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010242 Bucharest, Romania
  • Aziende Socio Sanitarie Territoriali di Lecco
  • Department of Gastroenterology, ‘Dr. Carol Davila’ Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Personalized Medicine
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2023-04-01
Volume
13
Issue
4
Pages
623
ISSN
2075-4426 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/jpm13040623
PMC
PMC10140944
OpenAlex
W4362585074
Semantic Scholar
f0a3add3593becf7edd7446a51596e85b419bae4
Cited by
55
References
60
Citations by year
2026: 19 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 3
FWCI
3.30
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Personalized Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila through the in-stitutional program Publish not Perish
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Epilepsy research and treatment
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pharmacological Effects and Toxicity Studies
Keywords
epilepsy, seizures, seizure control, quality of life, epilepsy comorbidity, central nervous system disorders, epilepsy diagnosis, epilepsy treatment

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