Approaches to the Origin of Life on Earth
Open accessAbstract
I discuss briefly the history of the origin of life field, focusing on the “Miller” era of prebiotic synthesis, through the “Orgel” era seeking enzyme free template replication of single stranded RNA or similar polynucleotides, to the RNA world era with one of its foci on a ribozyme with the capacity to act as a polymerase able to copy itself. I give the history of the independent invention in 1971 by T. Ganti, M. Eigen and myself of three alternative theories of the origin of molecular replication: the Chemotron, the Hypercycle, and Collectively Autocatalytic Sets, CAS, respectively. To date, only collectively autocatalytic DNA, RNA, and peptide sets have achieved molecular reproduction of polymers. Theoretical work and experimental work on CAS both support their plausibility as models of openly evolvable protocells, if housed in dividing compartments such as dividing liposomes. My own further hypothesis beyond that of CAS in themselves, of their formation as a phase transition in complex chemical reaction systems of substrates, reactions and products, where the molecules in the system are candidates to catalyze the very same reactions, now firmly established as theorems, awaits experimental proof using combinatorial chemistry to make libraries of stochastic DNA, RNA and/or polypeptides, or other classes of molecules to test the hypothesis that molecular polymer reproduction has emerged as a true phase transition in complex chemical reaction systems. I remark that my colleague Marc Ballivet of the University of Geneva and I, may have issued the first publications discussing what became combinatorial chemistry, in published issued patents in 1987, 1989 and later, in this field.
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Short RNA duplexes could be knitted together into long strands, which were among the most valuable elements in later developing RAFs due to their ability to store and transfer information.
“Short duplexes could be knitted together into long strands (Figure 2), which were among the most valuable elements in the later developing RAFs due to their ability to store and transfer information [108].”
From Opinion: The Key Steps in the Origin of Life to the Formation of the Eukaryotic Cell (2024) · cites this paper as [108]
The RNA World Era section says RNA can carry genetic information and that RNA ribozymes might form collectively autocatalytic sets. But our copy does not describe short RNA duplexes being knitted into long strands or identify those strands as especially valuable components of later RAFs. The ligation example in Experimental Work on Collectively Autocatalytic Sets concerns short DNA fragments, not RNA duplexes. (LLM, conf=0.83)
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“Short duplexes could be knitted together into long strands (Figure 2), which were among the most valuable elements in the later developing RAFs due to their ability to store and transfer information [108].”
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- Authors
- Kauffman, S. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Vermont (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kauffman, Stuart A.
- ORCID
- Kauffman, Stuart A.
- Venue
- Life
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2011-11-18
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 34-48
- ISSN
- 2075-1729 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4187126
- OpenAlex
- W2258610728
- Cited by
- 74
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Life (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
- Keywords
- origin of life, prebiotic synthesis, Miller experiment, RNA world, ribozymes, self-replicating RNA, hypercycles, protocells, liposomes, phase transitions, combinatorial chemistry, autocatalysis
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Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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