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Cited by 26Proteins in Food SystemsMicroencapsulation and Drying ProcessesProtein Hydrolysis and Bioactive Peptides

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Liposome System for Encapsulation of Spirulina platensis Protein Hydrolysates: Controlled-Release in Simulated Gastrointestinal Conditions, Structural and Functional Properties

Open access
Forutan, Maryam, Hasani, Maryam, Hasani, Shirin, Salehi, Nasrin, Sabbagh, Farzaneh·2022·Materials
DOI 10.3390/ma15238581PMC PMC9736864
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Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical, structural, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of chitosan-coated (0.5 and 1% CH) nanoliposomes containing hydrolyzed protein of Spirulina platensis and its stability in simulated gastric and intestine fluids. The chitosan coating of nanoliposomes containing Spirulina platensis hydrolyzed proteins increased their size and zeta potential. The fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) test showed an effective interaction between the hydrolyzed protein, the nanoliposome, and the chitosan coating. Increasing the concentration of hydrolyzed protein and the percentage of chitosan coating neutralized the decreasing effect of microencapsulation on the antioxidant activity of peptides. Chitosan coating (1%) resulted in improved stability of size, zeta potential, and poly dispersity index (PDI) of nanoliposomes, and lowered the release of the hydrolyzed Spirulina platensis protein from nanoliposomes. Increasing the percentage of chitosan coating neutralized the decrease in antibacterial properties of nanoliposomes containing hydrolyzed proteins. This study showed that 1% chitosan-coated nanoliposomes can protect Spirulina platensis hydrolyzed proteins and maintain their antioxidant and antibacterial activities.

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Crossref · 10.3390/ma15238581

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Figures

Figure 1 Morphology of nanoliposomes, (a) nanoliposomes coated with 1% chitosan, (b) nanoliposomes coated with 0.5% chitosan, (c) non-coated nanoliposomes.
Figure 1 Morphology of nanoliposomes, (a) nanoliposomes coated with 1% chitosan, (b) nanoliposomes coated with 0.5% chitosan, (c) non-coated nanoliposomes.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 FTIR spectroscopy, (A) FTIR spectrum for 14% hydrolyzed protein, (B) FTIR spectrum for non-coated nanoliposomes containing 14% hydrolyzed protein, (C) FTIR spectrum for 0.5% chitosan-coated nanoliposomes containing 14% hydrolyzed protein, (D) FTIR spectrum for 1% chitosan-coated nanoliposomes containing 14% hydrolyzed protein.
Figure 2 FTIR spectroscopy, (A) FTIR spectrum for 14% hydrolyzed protein, (B) FTIR spectrum for non-coated nanoliposomes containing 14% hydrolyzed protein, (C) FTIR spectrum for 0.5% chitosan-coated nanoliposomes containing 14% hydrolyzed protein, (D) FTIR spectrum for 1% chitosan-coated nanoliposomes containing 14% hydrolyzed protein.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 DPPH (a) and ABTS (b) radical scavenging capacity by hydrolyzed protein, non-coated nanoliposomes, 0.5% chitosan-coated nanoliposomes, and 1% chitosan-coated nanoliposomes. Different lowercase letters indicate a significant difference between groups at one concentration and different uppercase letters indicate a significant effect of the concentrations on the DPPH and ABTS scavenging.
Figure 3 DPPH (a) and ABTS (b) radical scavenging capacity by hydrolyzed protein, non-coated nanoliposomes, 0.5% chitosan-coated nanoliposomes, and 1% chitosan-coated nanoliposomes. Different lowercase letters indicate a significant difference between groups at one concentration and different uppercase letters indicate a significant effect of the concentrations on the DPPH and ABTS scavenging.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 Size stability (a), PDI (b), and zeta potential (c) of nanoliposomes in simulated gastric fluid (SGF), intestine fluid (SIF), and PBS. Identical uppercase letters indicate no significant difference between one nanoliposome in different fluids compared to the control (initial measure) and identical lowercase letters indicate no significant difference between different nanoliposomes in one fluid.
Figure 4 Size stability (a), PDI (b), and zeta potential (c) of nanoliposomes in simulated gastric fluid (SGF), intestine fluid (SIF), and PBS. Identical uppercase letters indicate no significant difference between one nanoliposome in different fluids compared to the control (initial measure) and identical lowercase letters indicate no significant difference between different nanoliposomes in one fluid.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 5 Release of nanoliposome peptides in different simulated media over different periods, (a) intestine, (b) gastric, (c) PBS.
Figure 5 Release of nanoliposome peptides in different simulated media over different periods, (a) intestine, (b) gastric, (c) PBS.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Forutan, M., Hasani, M., Hasani, S., Salehi, N., & Sabbagh, F.
Affiliations
  • Islamic Azad University, Shahrood (IR)
  • Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources (IR)
  • Chungbuk National University (KR)
Corresponding author
  • Hasani, Maryam
  • Sabbagh, Farzaneh
ORCID
Venue
Materials
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2022-12-01
Volume
15
Issue
23
Pages
8581
ISSN
1996-1944 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/ma15238581
PMC
PMC9736864
OpenAlex
W4311186641
Cited by
26
References
48
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3
FWCI
2.53
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Materials (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Proteins in Food Systems
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Microencapsulation and Drying Processes
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Protein Hydrolysis and Bioactive Peptides
Keywords
nanoliposomes, chitosan coating, Spirulina platensis, protein hydrolysates, microencapsulation, controlled release, simulated gastrointestinal conditions, antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity, zeta potential, liposome stability, peptide bioactivity

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Liposome System for Encapsulation of Spirulina platensis Protein Hydrolysates: Controlled-Release in Simulated Gastrointestinal Conditions, Structural and Functional Properties. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3390/ma15238581
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Forutan, M., Hasani, M., Hasani, S., Salehi, N., & Sabbagh, F. (2022). Liposome System for Encapsulation of Spirulina platensis Protein Hydrolysates: Controlled-Release in Simulated Gastrointestinal Conditions, Structural and Functional Properties. Materials. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15238581