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Rapeseed and Raspberry Seed Cakes as Inexpensive Raw Materials in the Production of Activated Carbon by Physical Activation: Effect of Activation Conditions on Textural and Phenol Adsorption Characteristics

Smets, Koen, De Jong, Mats, Lupul, Iwona, Gryglewicz, Grazyna, Schreurs, Sonja, Carleer, Robert, Yperman, Jan·2016·Materials
DOI 10.3390/ma9070565PMC PMC5456895
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Abstract

The production of activated carbons (ACs) from rapeseed cake and raspberry seed cake using slow pyrolysis followed by physical activation of the obtained solid residues is the topic of this study. The effect of activation temperature (850, 900 and 950 °C), activation time (30, 60, 90 and 120 min) and agent (steam and CO2) on the textural characteristics of the ACs is investigated by N2 adsorption. In general, higher activation temperatures and longer activation times increase the BET specific surface area and the porosity of the ACs, regardless of the activation agent or raw material. Steam is more reactive than CO2 in terms of pore development, especially in the case of raspberry seed cake. The performance of the ACs in liquid adsorption is evaluated by batch phenol adsorption tests. Experimental data are best fitted by the Freundlich isotherm model. Based on total yield, textural characteristics and phenol adsorption, steam activation at 900 °C for 90 min and CO2 activation at 900 °C for 120 min are found as the best activation conditions. Raspberry seed cake turns out to be a better raw material than rapeseed cake. Moreover, AC from raspberry seed cake produced by steam activation at 900 °C for 90 min performs as well as commercial AC (Norit GAC 1240) in phenol adsorption. The adsorption kinetics of the selected ACs are best fitted by the pseudo-second-order model.

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  • Lower pH is more favorable for phenol adsorption, and in some cases removal of ash using an acid wash may be necessary.

    “Lower pH is, therefore, more favorable for phenol adsorption and respectively, in some cases removal of ash using an acid wash may be necessary [18,39].”

    From Low-Cost Biochar Adsorbents for Water Purification Including Microplastics Removal (2020) · cites this paper as [18]

    Section 3.3.1 finds that phenol removal decreases above about pH 9, but is largely unchanged at lower pH; it does not support a general claim that progressively lower pH is more favorable. Sections 2.2 and 3.1 support acid washing in some cases: the authors washed high-ash rapeseed-derived carbon with HCl and found better phenol adsorption than in untreated samples. (LLM, conf=0.88)

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Research works printed but not linked: 37

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Metadata

Authors
Smets, K., De Jong, M., Lupul, I., Gryglewicz, G., Schreurs, S., Carleer, R., & Yperman, J.
Venue
Materials
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2016-07-12
Volume
9
Issue
7
Pages
565
ISSN
1996-1944
DOI
10.3390/ma9070565
PMC
PMC5456895
Cited by
22
References
0
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)

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