Deep Learning in the State of Charge Estimation for Li-Ion Batteries of Electric Vehicles: A Review
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Abstract
As one of the critical state parameters of the battery management system, the state of charge (SOC) of lithium batteries can provide an essential reference for battery safety management, charge/discharge control, and the energy management of electric vehicles (EVs). To analyze the application of deep learning in electric vehicles’ power battery SOC estimation, this study reviewed the technical process, common public datasets, and the neural networks used, as well as the structural characteristics and advantages and disadvantages of lithium battery SOC estimation in deep learning methods. First, the specific technical processes of the deep learning method for SOC estimation were analyzed, including data collection, data preprocessing, feature engineering, model training, and model evaluation. Second, the current commonly and publicly used lithium battery dataset was summarized. Then, the input variables, data sets, errors, and advantages and disadvantages of three types of deep learning methods were obtained using the structure of the neural network used for training as the classification criterion; further, the selection of the deep learning structure for SOC estimation was discussed. Finally, the challenges and future development directions of lithium battery SOC estimation using the deep learning method were explained. Over all, this review provides insights into deep learning for EVs’ Li-ion battery SOC estimation in the future.
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- Authors
- Zhang, D., Zhong, C., Xu, P., & Tian, Y.
- Affiliations
- School of Automobile, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710067, China
- Chang'an University (CN)
- Venue
- Machines
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2022-10-09
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 912
- ISSN
- 2075-1702 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4303945799
- Cited by
- 131
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 39
- FWCI
- 2.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Machines (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Preprints.org (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Natural Science Foundation of ShannXi Province of China (2020JQ-363, 2021M693752, 300102342104, TPL2108)
- China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2020JQ-363, 2021M693752, 300102342104, TPL2108)
- Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, CHD (2020JQ-363, 2021M693752, 300102342104, TPL2108)
- Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Traction Power (2020JQ-363, 2021M693752, 300102342104, TPL2108)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Advanced Battery Technologies Research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advancements in Battery Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure
- Keywords
- state of charge estimation, lithium-ion batteries, electric vehicles, battery management systems, deep learning, neural network architecture, battery datasets, feature engineering, battery safety
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