CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 39Microfluidic and Bio-sensing TechnologiesCellular Mechanics and Interactions3D Printing in Biomedical Research

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Ultrasonic Based Tissue Modelling and Engineering

Open access
Olofsson, Karl, Hammarström, Björn, Wiklund, Martin·2018·Micromachines
DOI 10.3390/mi9110594PMC PMC6266922
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Systems and devices for in vitro tissue modelling and engineering are valuable tools, which combine the strength between the controlled laboratory environment and the complex tissue organization and environment in vivo. Device-based tissue engineering is also a possible avenue for future explant culture in regenerative medicine. The most fundamental requirements on platforms intended for tissue modelling and engineering are their ability to shape and maintain cell aggregates over long-term culture. An emerging technology for tissue shaping and culture is ultrasonic standing wave (USW) particle manipulation, which offers label-free and gentle positioning and aggregation of cells. The pressure nodes defined by the USW, where cells are trapped in most cases, are stable over time and can be both static and dynamic depending on actuation schemes. In this review article, we highlight the potential of USW cell manipulation as a tool for tissue modelling and engineering.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/mi9110594

Cites

1 of 1 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

Figure 1 Red blood cell manipulation by ultrasound in a chick embryo. The image shows a chick embryo vasculosa where red blood cells are trapped in clusters separated by half the wavelength at 3 MHz continuous ultrasonic irradiation. The image was acquired through a microscope with 26× magnification. Reprinted with permission from [10].
Figure 1 Red blood cell manipulation by ultrasound in a chick embryo. The image shows a chick embryo vasculosa where red blood cells are trapped in clusters separated by half the wavelength at 3 MHz continuous ultrasonic irradiation. The image was acquired through a microscope with 26× magnification. Reprinted with permission from [10].CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Ultrasound-formed HepG2 cell aggregates embedded in alginate retains viability and forms spheroids over time. Individual HepG2 cells are distinguishable in the initial aggregate (a) but after three days in culture membrane spreading and cell–cell connections forms a stable spheroid (b). Calcein AM and EthD-1 staining after 10 days in culture shows retained cell viability and poor dye penetration which is typical for larger 3D aggregates (c,d). Scale bars are 30 µm in (a), 10 µm in (b) and 20 µm in (c). Reprinted with permission from [15].
Figure 2 Ultrasound-formed HepG2 cell aggregates embedded in alginate retains viability and forms spheroids over time. Individual HepG2 cells are distinguishable in the initial aggregate (a) but after three days in culture membrane spreading and cell–cell connections forms a stable spheroid (b). Calcein AM and EthD-1 staining after 10 days in culture shows retained cell viability and poor dye penetration which is typical for larger 3D aggregates (c,d). Scale bars are 30 µm in (a), 10 µm in (b) and 20 µm in (c). Reprinted with permission from [15].CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Multiple acoustic pressure nodes are an effective way to parallelize tissue formation. Numerous pressure nodes can be obtained by using multiple wavelengths in a single resonator chamber (a) (scale bar: 1 mm) [29], producing pressure nodes arrays through orthogonal one-dimensional pressure fields (b) [30] or using multiple microwells where the half-wavelength (λ/2) criterion is met in two dimensions (scale bar: 100 µm) (c). Reprinted with permission from (a) [29], (b) [30], and in (c) experiment by Karl Olofsson.
Figure 3 Multiple acoustic pressure nodes are an effective way to parallelize tissue formation. Numerous pressure nodes can be obtained by using multiple wavelengths in a single resonator chamber (a) (scale bar: 1 mm) [29], producing pressure nodes arrays through orthogonal one-dimensional pressure fields (b) [30] or using multiple microwells where the half-wavelength (λ/2) criterion is met in two dimensions (scale bar: 100 µm) (c). Reprinted with permission from (a) [29], (b) [30], and in (c) experiment by Karl Olofsson.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 Acoustic holography can be used to form arbitrary pressure field images. The target image (a) is used to backward calculate the required phase distribution (b). The 3D printed transmission hologram, as a height topography in a phase plate (c), is placed in front of the transducer (d) to acquire the sound pressure image (e). Scale bar: 10 mm. Reprinted with permission from [49].
Figure 4 Acoustic holography can be used to form arbitrary pressure field images. The target image (a) is used to backward calculate the required phase distribution (b). The 3D printed transmission hologram, as a height topography in a phase plate (c), is placed in front of the transducer (d) to acquire the sound pressure image (e). Scale bar: 10 mm. Reprinted with permission from [49].CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 5 Patterned and in situ differentiated neurons can model the cerebral cortex. USW-based arrangement of neural progenitor cells during fibrin hydrogel cross-linking formed stable cell layers embedded in the hydrogel suitable for long-term culture without USW. This allowed for differentiation of the neural progenitor cells into neurons in situ which interacted between layers after 8 days (a). Fourteen days after culture, mature neuron maker MAP2 was co-expressed together with Tuj1 (b). The excitatory marker CaMKII and glial cell marker GFAP are detected after 30 days of culture (c,d). All scale bars indicate 30 µm. Reprinted with permission from [53].
Figure 5 Patterned and in situ differentiated neurons can model the cerebral cortex. USW-based arrangement of neural progenitor cells during fibrin hydrogel cross-linking formed stable cell layers embedded in the hydrogel suitable for long-term culture without USW. This allowed for differentiation of the neural progenitor cells into neurons in situ which interacted between layers after 8 days (a). Fourteen days after culture, mature neuron maker MAP2 was co-expressed together with Tuj1 (b). The excitatory marker CaMKII and glial cell marker GFAP are detected after 30 days of culture (c,d). All scale bars indicate 30 µm. Reprinted with permission from [53].CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 6 On-chip confocal imaging illustrates the strength with USW-based multi-cellular tumor spheroid (MCTS) culture platforms. Nuclear dye DAPI-stained A498 MCTSs mounted in a refractive-index-matching solution allowed for 3D reconstruction (a) from a stack of optical sections (b) acquired by on-chip confocal microscopy. The whole MCTS volume could be imaged in detail. Figure adapted from [58].
Figure 6 On-chip confocal imaging illustrates the strength with USW-based multi-cellular tumor spheroid (MCTS) culture platforms. Nuclear dye DAPI-stained A498 MCTSs mounted in a refractive-index-matching solution allowed for 3D reconstruction (a) from a stack of optical sections (b) acquired by on-chip confocal microscopy. The whole MCTS volume could be imaged in detail. Figure adapted from [58].CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 7 Implantation of an acoustically generated cartilage graft in healthy human tissue with a drilled defect (a). Close-ups are shown in (b,d), and in particular, (d) shows the fusion between the native tissue and the graft with formation of hyaline cartilage in the gap. A defect before implantation is shown in (e). The scale bars in (a,e) correspond to 500 µm; whereas the scale bars in (b,d) correspond to 50 µm. Reprinted from [63] published by the Royal Society of Chemistry.
Figure 7 Implantation of an acoustically generated cartilage graft in healthy human tissue with a drilled defect (a). Close-ups are shown in (b,d), and in particular, (d) shows the fusion between the native tissue and the graft with formation of hyaline cartilage in the gap. A defect before implantation is shown in (e). The scale bars in (a,e) correspond to 500 µm; whereas the scale bars in (b,d) correspond to 50 µm. Reprinted from [63] published by the Royal Society of Chemistry.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 8 Actuating the acoustic trap with a frequency sweep will move a levitated chondrocyte cell aggregate laterally. The displacement can be controlled by the sweep rate, providing a means to control the mechanical stimulation during tissue formation. In the figure, the aggregate position along x and y directions over time is measured at the sweep rates 1 Hz (a), 2 Hz (b), 5 Hz (c) and 20 Hz (d) Reprinted with permission from [23] published by the Royal Society of Chemistry.
Figure 8 Actuating the acoustic trap with a frequency sweep will move a levitated chondrocyte cell aggregate laterally. The displacement can be controlled by the sweep rate, providing a means to control the mechanical stimulation during tissue formation. In the figure, the aggregate position along x and y directions over time is measured at the sweep rates 1 Hz (a), 2 Hz (b), 5 Hz (c) and 20 Hz (d) Reprinted with permission from [23] published by the Royal Society of Chemistry.CC BY · PubMed Central

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 74

  1. Laurell, T., and Lenshof, A. (2014). Microscale Acoustofluidics, Royal Society of Chemistry. · DOI
  2. Laurell, 2007, Chip integrated strategies for acoustic separation and manipulation of cells and particles, Chem. Soc. Rev., 36, 492, 10.1039/B601326K · DOI
  3. Shi, 2009, Acoustic tweezers: Patterning cells and microparticles using standing surface acoustic waves (SSAW), Lab Chip, 9, 2890, 10.1039/b910595f · DOI
  4. Brandt, 2001, Acoustic physics. Suspended by sound, Nature, 413, 474, 10.1038/35097192 · DOI
  5. Evander, 2012, Acoustofluidics 20: Applications in acoustic trapping, Lab Chip, 12, 4667, 10.1039/c2lc40999b · DOI
  6. Lenshof, 2012, Acoustofluidics 5: Building microfluidic acoustic resonators, Lab Chip, 12, 684, 10.1039/c1lc20996e · DOI
  7. Petersson, 2007, Free flow acoustophoresis: Microfluidic-based mode of particle and cell separation, Anal. Chem., 79, 5117, 10.1021/ac070444e · DOI
  8. Wiklund, 2012, Acoustofluidics 14: Applications of acoustic streaming in microfluidic devices, Lab Chip, 12, 2438, 10.1039/c2lc40203c · DOI
  9. Karlsen, 2016, Acoustic Force Density Acting on Inhomogeneous Fluids in Acoustic Fields, Phys. Rev. Lett., 117, 114504, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.114504 · DOI
  10. Dyson, 1971, Flow of Red Blood Cells stopped by Ultrasound, Nature, 232, 572, 10.1038/232572a0 · DOI
  11. Coakley, 2004, Cell-cell contact and membrane spreading in an ultrasound trap, Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces, 34, 221, 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2004.01.002 · DOI
  12. Bazou, 2005, Physical enviroment of 2-D animal cell aggregates formed in a short pathlength ultrasound standing wave trap, Ultrasound Med. Biol., 31, 423, 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2004.12.007 · DOI
  13. Hultstrom, 2007, Proliferation and viability of adherent cells manipulated by standing-wave ultrasound in a microfluidic chip, Ultrasound Med. Biol., 33, 145, 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2006.07.024 · DOI
  14. Bazou, 2006, Gap junctional intercellular communication and cytoskeletal organization in chondrocytes in suspension in an ultrasound trap, Mol. Membr. Biol., 23, 195, 10.1080/09687860600555906 · DOI
  15. Bazou, 2008, Long-term viability and proliferation of alginate-encapsulated 3-D HepG2 aggregates formed in an ultrasound trap, Toxicol. In Vitro, 22, 1321, 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.03.014 · DOI
  16. Christakou, 2013, Live cell imaging in a micro-array of acoustic traps facilitates quantification of natural killer cell heterogeneity, Integr. Biol. Quant. Biosci. Nano Macro, 5, 712
  17. Bazou, 2005, Molecular adhesion development in a neural cell monolayer forming in an ultrasound trap, Mol. Membr. Biol., 22, 229, 10.1080/09687860500093396 · DOI
  18. Bazou, 2011, Gene expression analysis of mouse embryonic stem cells following levitation in an ultrasound standing wave trap, Ultrasound Med. Biol., 37, 321, 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2010.10.019 · DOI
  19. Wiklund, 2012, Acoustofluidics 12: Biocompatibility and cell viability in microfluidic acoustic resonators, Lab Chip, 12, 2018, 10.1039/c2lc40201g · DOI
  20. Ohlin, 2015, Temperature-controlled MPa-pressure ultrasonic cell manipulation in a microfluidic chip, Lab Chip, 15, 3341, 10.1039/C5LC00490J · DOI
  21. Kuznetsova, 2009, Multiple three-dimensional mammalian cell aggregates formed away from solid substrata in ultrasound standing waves, Biotechnol. Prog., 25, 834, 10.1002/btpr.164 · DOI
  22. Bazou, 2004, Characterisation of the morphology of 2-D particle aggregates in different electrolyte concentrations in an ultrasound trap, Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp., 243, 97, 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2004.04.075 · DOI
  23. Jonnalagadda, 2018, Acoustically modulated biomechanical stimulation for human cartilage tissue engineering, Lab Chip, 18, 473, 10.1039/C7LC01195D · DOI
  24. Hawkes, 2004, Ultrasonic deposition of cells on a surface, Biosens. Bioelectron., 19, 1021, 10.1016/j.bios.2003.10.003 · DOI
  25. Hoyos, 2018, Induced clustering of Escherichia coli by acoustic fields, Sci. Rep., 8, 4668, 10.1038/s41598-018-22960-z · DOI
  26. Hammarstrom, 2012, Seed particle-enabled acoustic trapping of bacteria and nanoparticles in continuous flow systems, Lab Chip, 12, 4296, 10.1039/c2lc40697g · DOI
  27. Martin, 2005, Spore and micro-particle capture on an immunosensor surface in an ultrasound standing wave system, Biosens. Bioelectron., 21, 758, 10.1016/j.bios.2005.01.013 · DOI
  28. Wiklund, 2013, Acoustofluidics 21: Ultrasound-enhanced immunoassays and particle sensors, Lab Chip, 13, 25, 10.1039/C2LC41073G · DOI
  29. Liu, 2007, Functional three-dimensional HepG2 aggregate cultures generated from an ultrasound trap: Comparison with HepG2 spheroids, J. Cell. Biochem., 102, 1180, 10.1002/jcb.21345 · DOI
  30. Neild, 2007, Simultaneous positioning of cells into two-dimensional arrays using ultrasound, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 97, 1335, 10.1002/bit.21315 · DOI
  31. Haake, 2005, Positioning, displacement, and localization of cells using ultrasonic forces, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 92, 8, 10.1002/bit.20540 · DOI
  32. Chen, 2016, Rapid formation of size-controllable multicellular spheroids via 3D acoustic tweezers, Lab Chip, 16, 2636, 10.1039/C6LC00444J · DOI
  33. Ohlin, 2013, Influence of acoustic streaming on ultrasonic particle manipulation in a 100-well ring-transducer microplate, J. Micromech. Microeng., 23, 035008, 10.1088/0960-1317/23/3/035008 · DOI
  34. Vanherberghen, 2010, Ultrasound-controlled cell aggregation in a multi-well chip, Lab Chip, 10, 2727, 10.1039/c004707d · DOI
  35. Christakou, 2015, Ultrasonic three-dimensional on-chip cell culture for dynamic studies of tumor immune surveillance by natural killer cells, Lab Chip, 15, 3222, 10.1039/C5LC00436E · DOI
  36. Hsu, 2016, NK cells converge lytic granules to promote cytotoxicity and prevent bystander killing, J. Cell Biol., 215, 875, 10.1083/jcb.201604136 · DOI
  37. Bernassau, 2012, Direct patterning of mammalian cells in an ultrasonic heptagon stencil, Biomed. Microdevices, 14, 559, 10.1007/s10544-012-9633-z · DOI
  38. Caleap, 2014, Acoustically trapped colloidal crystals that are reconfigurable in real time, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 6226, 10.1073/pnas.1323048111 · DOI
  39. Owens, 2016, Highly parallel acoustic assembly of microparticles into well-ordered colloidal crystallites, Soft Matter, 12, 717, 10.1039/C5SM02348C · DOI
  40. Li, 2014, Standing surface acoustic wave based cell coculture, Anal. Chem., 86, 9853, 10.1021/ac502453z · DOI
  41. Vuillermet, 2016, Chladni Patterns in a Liquid at Microscale, Phys. Rev. Lett., 116, 184501, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.184501 · DOI
  42. Chen, 2014, Microscale assembly directed by liquid-based template, Adv. Mater., 26, 5936, 10.1002/adma.201402079 · DOI
  43. Chen, 2015, Biotunable acoustic node assembly of organoids, Adv. Healthc. Mater., 4, 1937, 10.1002/adhm.201500279 · DOI
  44. Serpooshan, 2017, Bioacoustic-enabled patterning of human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes into 3D cardiac tissue, Biomaterials, 131, 47, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.03.037 · DOI
  45. Barnkob, 2012, Acoustic radiation- and streaming-induced microparticle velocities determined by microparticle image velocimetry in an ultrasound symmetry plane, Phys. Rev. E Stat. Nonlinear Soft Matter Phys., 86, 056307, 10.1103/PhysRevE.86.056307 · DOI
  46. Huang, 2018, A sharp-edge-based acoustofluidic chemical signal generator, Lab Chip, 18, 1411, 10.1039/C8LC00193F · DOI
  47. Garg, N., Westerhof, T.M., Liu, V., Liu, R., Nelson, E.L., and Lee, A.P. (2018). Whole-blood sorting, enrichment and in situ immunolabeling of cellular subsets using acoustic microstreaming. Microsyst. Nanoeng., 4. · DOI
  48. Kurashina, 2017, Cell agglomeration in the wells of a 24-well plate using acoustic streaming, Lab Chip, 17, 876, 10.1039/C6LC01310D · DOI
  49. Melde, 2016, Holograms for acoustics, Nature, 537, 518, 10.1038/nature19755 · DOI
  50. Melde, K., Choi, E., Wu, Z., Palagi, S., Qiu, T., and Fischer, P. (2018). Acoustic Fabrication via the Assembly and Fusion of Particles. Adv. Mater., 30. · DOI
  51. Pedde, R.D., Mirani, B., Navaei, A., Styan, T., Wong, S., Mehrali, M., Thakur, A., Mohtaram, N.K., Bayati, A., and Dolatshahi-Pirouz, A. (2017). Emerging Biofabrication Strategies for Engineering Complex Tissue Constructs. Adv. Mater., 29. · DOI
  52. Caliari, 2016, A practical guide to hydrogels for cell culture, Nat. Methods, 13, 405, 10.1038/nmeth.3839 · DOI · Paper page
  53. Bouyer, 2016, A Bio-Acoustic Levitational (BAL) Assembly Method for Engineering of Multilayered, 3D Brain-Like Constructs, Using Human Embryonic Stem Cell Derived Neuro-Progenitors, Adv. Mater., 28, 161, 10.1002/adma.201503916 · DOI
  54. Thoma, 2014, 3D cell culture systems modeling tumor growth determinants in cancer target discovery, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 69–70, 29, 10.1016/j.addr.2014.03.001 · DOI · Paper page
  55. Moshksayan, 2018, Spheroids-on-a-chip: Recent advances and design considerations in microfluidic platforms for spheroid formation and culture, Sens. Actuators B Chem., 263, 151, 10.1016/j.snb.2018.01.223 · DOI · Paper page
  56. Olofsson, 2018, Acoustic formation of multicellular tumor spheroids enabling on-chip functional and structural imaging, Lab Chip, 18, 2466, 10.1039/C8LC00537K · DOI
  57. Olofsson, K., Carannante, V., Önfelt, B., and Wiklund, M. (2018, January 11–15). High-content nucleus based 3D image cytometery of whole multicellular tumour spheroids. Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences (µTAS 2018), Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
  58. Sriphutkiat, Y., Kasetsirikul, S., and Zhou, Y. (2018). Formation of cell spheroids using Standing Surface Acoustic Wave (SSAW). Int. J. Bioprinting, 4. · DOI
  59. Nagahashi, 2015, Stable surface coating of silicone elastomer with phosphorylcholine and organosilane copolymer with cross-linking for repelling proteins, Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces, 134, 384, 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.07.040 · DOI
  60. Wiklund, 2012, Acoustofluidics 18: Microscopy for acoustofluidic micro-devices, Lab Chip, 12, 3221, 10.1039/c2lc40757d · DOI
  61. Frisk, 2011, A silicon-glass microwell platform for high-resolution imaging and high-content screening with single cell resolution, Biomed. Microdevices, 13, 683, 10.1007/s10544-011-9538-2 · DOI
  62. Li, 2014, Application of an acoustofluidic perfusion bioreactor for cartilage tissue engineering, Lab Chip, 14, 4475, 10.1039/C4LC00956H · DOI
  63. Hammarstrom, 2014, Frequency tracking in acoustic trapping for improved performance stability and system surveillance, Lab Chip, 14, 1005, 10.1039/C3LC51144H · DOI
  64. Lata, 2016, Surface Acoustic Waves Grant Superior Spatial Control of Cells Embedded in Hydrogel Fibers, Adv. Mater., 28, 8632, 10.1002/adma.201602947 · DOI
  65. Garvin, 2010, Controlling the Spatial Organization of Cells and Extracellular Matrix Proteins in Engineered Tissues Using Ultrasound Standing Wave Fields, Ultrasound Med. Biol., 36, 1919, 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2010.08.007 · DOI
  66. Naseer, 2017, Surface acoustic waves induced micropatterning of cells in gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels, Biofabrication, 9, 015020, 10.1088/1758-5090/aa585e · DOI
  67. Garvin, 2013, Controlling collagen fiber microstructure in three-dimensional hydrogels using ultrasound, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 134, 1491, 10.1121/1.4812868 · DOI
  68. Garvin, 2013, Spatial patterning of endothelial cells and vascular network formation using ultrasound standing wave fields, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 134, 1483, 10.1121/1.4812867 · DOI
  69. Dalecki, 2015, Ultrasound technologies for biomaterials fabrication and imaging, Ann. Biomed. Eng., 43, 747, 10.1007/s10439-014-1158-6 · DOI
  70. Comeau, 2017, Ultrasound patterning technologies for studying vascular morphogenesis in 3D, J. Cell Sci., 130, 232
  71. Ovsianikov, 2018, The Synergy of Scaffold-Based and Scaffold-Free Tissue Engineering Strategies, Trends Biotechnol., 36, 348, 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.01.005 · DOI · Paper page
  72. Rivron, 2009, Tissue assembly and organization: Developmental mechanisms in microfabricated tissues, Biomaterials, 30, 4851, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.06.037 · DOI
  73. Xu, 2011, The assembly of cell-encapsulating microscale hydrogels using acoustic waves, Biomaterials, 32, 7847, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.07.010 · DOI
  74. Zhu, Y., Serpooshan, V., Wu, S., Demirci, U., Chen, P., and Guven, S. (2017). Tissue Engineering of 3D Organotypic Microtissues by Acoustic Assembly. Methods Mol. Biol. · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 39

Metadata

Authors
Olofsson, K., Hammarström, B., & Wiklund, M.
Affiliations
  • KTH Royal Institute of Technology (SE)
  • Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
Corresponding author
Wiklund, Martin
ORCID
Venue
Micromachines
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2018-11-14
Volume
9
Issue
11
Pages
594
ISSN
2072-666X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/mi9110594
PMC
PMC6266922
OpenAlex
W2900642484
Cited by
39
References
1
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1
FWCI
0.26
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Micromachines (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Stockholms Läns Landsting
  • Vetenskapsrådet
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Microfluidic and Bio-sensing Technologies
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Cellular Mechanics and Interactions
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
Keywords
ultrasonic standing waves, acoustic cell manipulation, cell aggregation, tissue engineering, pressure nodes, explant culture, regenerative medicine, acoustic levitation

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review