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Cited by 42Bacteriophages and microbial interactionsImmune Response and InflammationInvertebrate Immune Response Mechanisms

Bacteriophages as Potential Clinical Immune Modulators

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Souza, Estêvão Brasiliense de, Pinto, Aguinaldo Roberto, Fongaro, Gislaine·2023·Microorganisms
DOI 10.3390/microorganisms11092222PMC PMC10535580
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Abstract

Bacteriophages (phages for short) are bacteria-specific viruses that have been drawing attention when it comes to countering the ever-growing antibiotic bacterial resistance, and are being seen as one of the most promising technologies against multi-antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Although bacteriophages are commonly regarded only as anti-bacterial objects unable to directly interact with eukaryotic cell metabolism, an increasing quantity of evidence has indicated that bacteriophages can directly affect cells bacteria in both in vitro and in vivo applications, influencing the behavior of tissues and immune systems. In sight of this new range of applications, several authors have expressed enthusiasm in phage therapy as direct modulators of eukaryotic cells for clinical usage, highlighting the need for further investigations covering the pharmacology of these new “eukaryotic-viruses”, as even harmful interactions with eukaryotic cells were detected after phage therapy. The present review aims to cover and highlight mechanisms through which bacteriophages may interact with immune cells, analyzing potential clinical applications and obstacles presented in the use of bacteriophages as anti-inflammatory tools.

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  • Phage DNA and structural proteins engage pattern recognition receptors within innate immune pathways, thereby enhancing antitumor immune responses.

    “Additionally, phage DNA and structural proteins engage pattern recognition receptors within innate immune pathways, thereby enhancing antitumor immune responses [21,23–26]”

    From Phage therapy in oncology: opportunities for cancer prevention and treatment (2026) · cites this paper as [25]

    Sections 6 and 7 describe phage genetic material and proteins affecting Toll-like receptor pathways and immune signals, including IFN-γ induction after phage DNA was introduced to dendritic cells. They do not establish that these interactions enhance antitumor immune responses; the tumor-destruction study appears only in the References. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Phages can enhance antitumor immunity.

    “Phages can eliminate cancer-associated bacteria, remodel the tumor microenvironment, enhance antitumor immunity, and deliver targeted therapeutic payloads.”

    From Phage therapy in oncology: opportunities for cancer prevention and treatment (2026) · cites this paper as [25]

  • Phage particles and phage-derived nucleic acids can influence antigen-presenting cell function.

    “Once present in tissues or circulation, phage particles and phage-derived nucleic acids can be sensed by innate immune receptors, influence antigen-presenting cell function, and modulate adaptive immune responses [23,25]”

    From Phage therapy in oncology: opportunities for cancer prevention and treatment (2026) · cites this paper as [25]

  • Phage particles and phage-derived nucleic acids can be sensed by innate immune receptors.

    “Once present in tissues or circulation, phage particles and phage-derived nucleic acids can be sensed by innate immune receptors, influence antigen-presenting cell function, and modulate adaptive immune responses [23,25]”

    From Phage therapy in oncology: opportunities for cancer prevention and treatment (2026) · cites this paper as [25]

  • Studies have begun uncovering direct and indirect immunomodulatory properties of phages beyond their antimicrobial effects.

    “Studies have begun uncovering direct and indirect immunomodulatory properties of phages beyond their antimicrobial effects [21,25,74]”

    From Phage therapy in oncology: opportunities for cancer prevention and treatment (2026) · cites this paper as [25]

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Sorted by citations

Authors
Souza, E. B. D., Pinto, A. R., & Fongaro, G.
Affiliations
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (BR)
Corresponding author
  • Souza, Estêvão Brasiliense de
  • Fongaro, Gislaine
ORCID
Venue
Microorganisms
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2023-09-01
Volume
11
Issue
9
Pages
2222
ISSN
2076-2607 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/microorganisms11092222
PMC
PMC10535580
OpenAlex
W4386373325
Cited by
42
References
1
Citations by year
2026: 18 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 7
FWCI
1.25
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Microorganisms (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Federal University of Santa Catarina—PROAP/Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology and Biosciences (304463/2021-3)
  • CNPq (304463/2021-3)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Bacteriophages and microbial interactions
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Invertebrate Immune Response Mechanisms
Keywords
bacteriophages, phage therapy, immunomodulation, anti-inflammatory activity, immune cells, antibiotic resistance

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