CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 408Bacteriophages and microbial interactionsImmune Response and InflammationInvertebrate Immune Response Mechanisms

Interactions between Bacteriophage, Bacteria, and the Mammalian Immune System

Open access
Van Belleghem, Jonas D., Dąbrowska, Krystyna, Vaneechoutte, Mario, Barr, Jeremy J., Bollyky, Paul L.·2018·Viruses
DOI 10.3390/v11010010PMC PMC6356784
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

The human body is host to large numbers of bacteriophages (phages)–a diverse group of bacterial viruses that infect bacteria. Phage were previously regarded as bystanders that only impacted immunity indirectly via effects on the mammalian microbiome. However, it has become clear that phages also impact immunity directly, in ways that are typically anti-inflammatory. Phages can modulate innate immunity via phagocytosis and cytokine responses, but also impact adaptive immunity via effects on antibody production and effector polarization. Phages may thereby have profound effects on the outcome of bacterial infections by modulating the immune response. In this review we highlight the diverse ways in which phages interact with human cells. We present a computational model for predicting these complex and dynamic interactions. These models predict that the phageome may play important roles in shaping mammalian-bacterial interactions.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/v11010010

Cites

9 of 9 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Depending on microenvironmental cues and timing of exposure, phages can skew macrophages toward a proinflammatory, M1-like state, enhancing cytokine production, antimicrobial responses, and pathogen clearance.

    “Depending on the microenvironmental cues and timing of exposure, phages can skew macrophages toward a proinflammatory, M1-like state, enhancing the production of cytokines, antimicrobial responses, and pathogen clearance”

    From Phage therapy in oncology: opportunities for cancer prevention and treatment (2026) · cites this paper as [23]

    Section 6 states that, although a pro-inflammatory interaction is theoretically possible, the literature it reviews says phages are not able to induce pro-inflammatory responses. Section 5.3 reports anti-inflammatory effects and only a very minor inflammatory cytokine increase in one mouse study; it does not describe M1-like macrophage polarization or enhanced antimicrobial responses through that mechanism. No page numbers were available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Phages alter microbial metabolites that regulate inflammation, genotoxic stress, and therapeutic response.

    “Indirectly, phages reshape tumor-associated bacterial communities, depleting protumorigenic taxa and altering microbial metabolites that regulate inflammation, genotoxic stress, and therapeutic response [20–23]”

    From Phage therapy in oncology: opportunities for cancer prevention and treatment (2026) · cites this paper as [23]

    Section 2, “The Human Phageome” (page unavailable), says phages can supply bacteria with genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, while Section 5.3 reports anti-inflammatory responses to phages. Section 6 also models an effect of phage anti-inflammatory properties on bacterial-infection treatment outcomes. The paper does not establish that phages alter microbial metabolites regulating inflammation, genotoxic stress, or therapeutic response in tumors. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Phage DNA and structural proteins engage pattern recognition receptors within innate immune pathways, thereby enhancing antitumor immune responses.

    “Additionally, phage DNA and structural proteins engage pattern recognition receptors within innate immune pathways, thereby enhancing antitumor immune responses [21,23–26]”

    From Phage therapy in oncology: opportunities for cancer prevention and treatment (2026) · cites this paper as [23]

    Section 7 proposes that phage DNA might be recognized by the innate immune receptor TLR9; it does not establish that this engagement occurs. Section 5.3 reports that purified T4 capsid proteins did not induce inflammatory cytokines in mice, and the paper does not link DNA or structural-protein recognition to enhanced antitumor immunity. The tumor findings appear only in reference titles, not as support for the claimed mechanism; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Phages deplete protumorigenic taxa.

    “Indirectly, phages reshape tumor-associated bacterial communities, depleting protumorigenic taxa and altering microbial metabolites that regulate inflammation, genotoxic stress, and therapeutic response [20–23]”

    From Phage therapy in oncology: opportunities for cancer prevention and treatment (2026) · cites this paper as [23]

    Section 6 (page unavailable) describes a model in which phages initially reduce bacterial counts, and Section 2 (page unavailable) discusses their potential to alter bacterial community composition. Neither passage identifies protumorigenic taxa or shows that phages deplete them in tumor-associated communities. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Phages reshape tumor-associated bacterial communities.

    “Indirectly, phages reshape tumor-associated bacterial communities, depleting protumorigenic taxa and altering microbial metabolites that regulate inflammation, genotoxic stress, and therapeutic response [20–23]”

    From Phage therapy in oncology: opportunities for cancer prevention and treatment (2026) · cites this paper as [23]

    Section 2, “The Human Phageome” (page unavailable), says phage interactions with commensal bacteria could alter community composition and affect immune function. It does not establish that phages reshape tumor-associated bacterial communities, deplete protumorigenic taxa, or alter metabolites affecting genotoxic stress or therapeutic response. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 143

  1. [1]Duerkop B.A. Hooper L.V. Resident viruses and their interactions with the immune system Nat. Immunol. 2013 14 654 659 10.1038/ni.2614 23778792 PMC3760236 · DOI
  2. [4]Hooper L.V. Littman D.R. Macpherson A.J. Interactions between the microbiota and the immune system Science 2012 336 1268 1273 10.1126/science.1223490 22674334 PMC4420145 · DOI · Paper page
  3. [5]Lozupone C.A. Stombaugh J.I. Gordon J.I. Jansson J.K. Knight R. Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota Nature 2012 489 220 230 10.1038/nature11550 22972295 PMC3577372 · DOI · Paper page
  4. [6]Reyes A. Semenkovich N.P. Whiteson K. Rohwer F. Gordon J.I. Going viral: Next-generation sequencing applied to phage populations in the human gut Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2012 10 607 617 10.1038/nrmicro2853 22864264 PMC3596094 · DOI
  5. [8]Foulongne V. Sauvage V. Hebert C. Dereure O. Cheval J. Gouilh M.A. Pariente K. Segondy M. Burguière A. Manuguerra J.C. Human skin Microbiota: High diversity of DNA viruses identified on the human skin by high throughput sequencing PLoS ONE 2012 7 e38499 10.1371/journal.pone.0038499 22723863 PMC3378559 · DOI
  6. [9]Pride D.T. Salzman J. Haynes M. Rohwer F. Davis-Long C. White R.A. Loomer P. Armitage G.C. Relman D.A. Evidence of a robust resident bacteriophage population revealed through analysis of the human salivary virome ISME J. 2012 6 915 926 10.1038/ismej.2011.169 22158393 PMC3329113 · DOI · Paper page
  7. [10]Wang J. Gao Y. Zhao F. Phage-bacteria interaction network in human oral microbiome Environ. Microbiol. 2016 18 2143 2158 10.1111/1462-2920.12923 26036920 · DOI
  8. [11]Edlund A. Santiago-Rodriguez T.M. Boehm T.K. Pride D.T. Bacteriophage and their potential roles in the human oral cavity J. Oral Microbiol. 2015 7 1 12 10.3402/jom.v7.27423 PMC4393417 25861745 · DOI
  9. [12]Dickson R.P. Huffnagle G.B. The Lung Microbiome: New Principles for Respiratory Bacteriology in Health and Disease PLoS Pathog. 2015 11 e1004923 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004923 26158874 PMC4497592 · DOI
  10. [13]Lim Y.W. Schmieder R. Haynes M. Willner D. Furlan M. Youle M. Abbott K. Edwards R. Evangelista J. Conrad D. Metagenomics and metatranscriptomics: Windows on CF-associated viral and microbial communities J. Cyst. Fibros. 2013 12 154 164 10.1016/j.jcf.2012.07.009 22951208 PMC3534838 · DOI
  11. [14]Willner D. Haynes M.R. Furlan M. Hanson N. Kirby B. Lim Y.W. Rainey P.B. Schmieder R. Youle M. Conrad D. Case studies of the spatial heterogeneity of DNA viruses in the cystic fibrosis lung Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 2012 46 127 131 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0253OC 21980056 PMC3361360 · DOI
  12. [15]Reyes A. Haynes M. Hanson N. Angly F.E. Heath A.C. Rohwer F. Gordon J.I. Viruses in the faecal microbiota of monozygotic twins and their mothers Nature 2010 466 334 338 10.1038/nature09199 20631792 PMC2919852 · DOI
  13. [17]Santiago-Rodriguez T.M. Ly M. Bonilla N. Pride D.T. The human urine virome in association with urinary tract infections Front. Microbiol. 2015 6 14 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00014 25667584 PMC4304238 · DOI
  14. [18]Brüssow H. Canchaya C. Hardt W. Phages and the evolution of bacterial pathogens: From genomic rearrangements to lysogenic conversion Microbiol. Mol. 2004 68 10.1128/MMBR.68.3.560-602.2004 PMC515249 15353570 · DOI
  15. [19]Breitbart M. Rohwer F. Method for discovering novel DNA viruses in blood using viral particle selection and shotgun sequencing Biotechniques 2005 39 729 736 10.2144/000112019 16312220 · DOI
  16. [20]Dinakaran V. Rathinavel A. Pushpanathan M. Sivakumar R. Gunasekaran P. Rajendhran J. Elevated levels of circulating DNA in cardiovascular disease patients: Metagenomic profiling of microbiome in the circulation PLoS ONE 2014 9 e105221 10.1371/journal.pone.0105221 25133738 PMC4136842 · DOI
  17. [21]Li S.K. Leung R.K.-K. Guo H.X. Wei J.F. Wang J.H. Kwong K.T. Lee S.S. Zhang C. Tsui S.K.-W. Detection and identification of plasma bacterial and viral elements in HIV/AIDS patients in comparison to healthy adults Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2012 18 1126 1133 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03690.x 22084916 · DOI
  18. [22]Moustafa A. Xie C. Kirkness E. Biggs W. Wong E. Turpaz Y. Bloom K. Delwart E. Nelson K.E. Venter J.C. The blood DNA virome in 8000 humans PLoS Pathog. 2017 13 e1006292 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006292 28328962 PMC5378407 · DOI
  19. [23]Van Belleghem J.D. Clement F. Merabishvili M. Lavigne R. Vaneechoutte M. Pro- and anti-inflammatory responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells induced by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa phages Sci. Rep. 2017 7 8004 10.1038/s41598-017-08336-9 28808331 PMC5556114 · DOI
  20. [24]Majewska J. Beta W. Lecion D. Hodyra-Stefaniak K. Kłopot A. Kaźmierczak Z. Miernikiewicz P. Piotrowicz A. Ciekot J. Owczarek B. Oral application of T4 phage induces weak antibody production in the gut and in the blood Viruses 2015 7 4783 4799 10.3390/v7082845 26308042 PMC4576206 · DOI
  21. [25]Miernikiewicz P. Dąbrowska K. Piotrowicz A. Owczarek B. Wojas-Turek J. Kicielińska J. Rossowska J. Pajtasz-Piasecka E. Hodyra K. Macegoniuk K. T4 phage and its head surface proteins do not stimulate inflammatory mediator production PLoS ONE 2013 8 e71036 10.1371/journal.pone.0071036 23976975 PMC3745418 · DOI
  22. [26]Hodyra-Stefaniak K. Miernikiewicz P. Drapała J. Drab M. Jonczyk-Matysiak E. Lecion D. Kazmierczak Z. Beta W. Majewska J. Harhala M. Mammalian Host-Versus-Phage immune response determines phage fate in vivo Sci. Rep. 2015 5 3 8 10.1038/srep14802 PMC4594097 26440922 · DOI · Paper page
  23. [27]Handley S.A. Thackray L.B. Zhao G. Presti R. Miller A.D. Droit L. Abbink P. Maxfield L.F. Kambal A. Duan E. Pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus infection is associated with expansion of the enteric virome Cell 2012 151 253 266 10.1016/j.cell.2012.09.024 23063120 PMC3490196 · DOI
  24. [28]McDaniel L. Breitbart M. Mobberley J. Long A. Haynes M. Rohwer F. Paul J.H. Metagenomic analysis of lysogeny in Tampa Bay: Implications for prophage gene expression PLoS ONE 2008 3 e3263 10.1371/journal.pone.0003263 18810270 PMC2533394 · DOI
  25. [29]Scarpellini E. Ianiro G. Attili F. Bassanelli C. De Santis A. Gasbarrini A. The human gut microbiota and virome: Potential therapeutic implications Dig. Liver Dis. 2015 47 1007 1012 10.1016/j.dld.2015.07.008 26257129 PMC7185617 · DOI
  26. [30]Kim M.-S. Park E.-J. Roh S.W. Bae J.-W. Diversity and abundance of single-stranded DNA viruses in human feces Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2011 77 8062 8070 10.1128/AEM.06331-11 21948823 PMC3208976 · DOI
  27. [31]Reyes A. Wu M. McNulty N.P. Rohwer F.L. Gordon J.I. Gnotobiotic mouse model of phage–bacterial host dynamics in the human gut Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2013 110 20236 20241 10.1073/pnas.1319470110 24259713 PMC3864308 · DOI · Paper page
  28. [32]Breitbart M. Haynes M. Kelley S. Angly F. Edwards R.A. Felts B. Mahaffy J.M. Mueller J. Nulton J. Rayhawk S. Viral diversity and dynamics in an infant gut Res. Microbiol. 2008 159 367 373 10.1016/j.resmic.2008.04.006 18541415 · DOI
  29. [33]Lim E.S. Zhou Y. Zhao G. Bauer I.K. Droit L. Ndao I.M. Warner B.B. Tarr P.I. Wang D. Holtz L.R. Early life dynamics of the human gut virome and bacterial microbiome in infants Nat. Med. 2015 21 1228 1234 10.1038/nm.3950 26366711 PMC4710368 · DOI
  30. [35]Enault F. Briet A. Bouteille L. Roux S. Sullivan M.B. Petit M.-A. Phages rarely encode antibiotic resistance genes: A cautionary tale for virome analyses ISME J. 2016 053025 10.1038/ismej.2016.90 27326545 PMC5315482 · DOI
  31. [36]Verma N.K. Brandt J.M. Verma D.J. Lindberg A.A. Molecular characterization of the O-acetyl transferase gene of converting bacteriophage SF6 that adds group antigen 6 to Shigella flexneri Mol. Microbiol. 1991 5 71 75 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1991.tb01827.x 2014005 · DOI
  32. [37]Pieraerts C. Martin V. Jichlinski P. Nardelli-Haefliger D. Derré L. Detection of functional antigen-specific T cells from urine of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer patients Oncoimmunology 2012 1 694 698 10.4161/onci.20526 22934261 PMC3429573 · DOI
  33. [39]Davies M.R. Broadbent S.E. Harris S.R. Thomson N.R. van der Woude M.W. Horizontally Acquired Glycosyltransferase Operons Drive Salmonellae Lipopolysaccharide Diversity PLoS Genet. 2013 9 e1003568 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003568 23818865 PMC3688519 · DOI
  34. [41]Mazmanian S.K. Cui H.L. Tzianabos A.O. Kasper D.L. An immunomodulatory molecule of symbiotic bacteria directs maturation of the host immune system Cell 2005 122 107 118 10.1016/j.cell.2005.05.007 16009137 · DOI · Paper page
  35. [42]Przybylski M. Borysowski J. Jakubowska-Zahorska R. Weber-Dąbrowska B. Górski A. T4 bacteriophage-mediated inhibition of adsorption and replication of human adenovirus in vitro Future Microbiol. 2015 10 453 460 10.2217/fmb.14.147 25865186 · DOI
  36. [43]Kawai T. Akira S. Toll-like receptors and their crosstalk with other innate receptors in infection and immunity Immunity 2011 34 637 650 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.05.006 21616434 · DOI · Paper page
  37. [44]Alexopoulos L.G. Saez-Rodriguez J. Cosgrove B.D. Lauffenburger D.A. Sorger P.K. Networks Inferred from Biochemical Data Reveal Profound Differences in Toll-like Receptor and Inflammatory Signaling between Normal and Transformed Hepatocytes Mol. Cell Proteom. 2010 9 1849 1865 10.1074/mcp.M110.000406 20460255 PMC2938121 · DOI
  38. [45]Blasius A.L. Beutler B. Intracellular Toll-like receptors Immunity 2010 32 305 315 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.03.012 20346772 · DOI
  39. [46]Shi Z. Cai Z. Sanchez A. Zhang T. Wen S. Wang J. Yang J. Fu S. Zhang D. A novel toll-like receptor that recognizes vesicular stomatitis virus J. Biol. Chem. 2011 286 4517 4524 10.1074/jbc.M110.159590 21131352 PMC3039399 · DOI
  40. [47]Focà A. Liberto M.C. Quirino A. Marascio N. Zicca E. Pavia G. Gut inflammation and immunity: What is the role of the human gut virome? Med. Inflamm. 2015 2015 1 7 10.1155/2015/326032 25944980 PMC4405218 · DOI
  41. [48]Foxman E.F. Iwasaki A. Genome-virome interactions: Examining the role of common viral infections in complex disease Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2011 9 254 264 10.1038/nrmicro2541 21407242 PMC3678363 · DOI
  42. [49]Farrar M.A. Schreiber R.D. The Molecular Cell Biology of Interferon-gamma and its Receptor Annu. Rev. Immunol. 1993 11 571 611 10.1146/annurev.iy.11.040193.003035 8476573 · DOI
  43. [50]Linden S.K. Sutton P. Karlsson N.G. Korolik V. McGuckin M.A. Mucins in the mucosal barrier to infection Mucosal. Immunol. 2008 1 183 197 10.1038/mi.2008.5 19079178 PMC7100821 · DOI
  44. [51]Johansson M.E.V. Phillipson M. Petersson J. Velcich A. Holm L. Hansson G.C. Petersson J. Velcich A. Holm L. Hansson G.C. The inner of the two Muc2 mucin-dependent mucus layers in colon is devoid of bacteria PNAS 2008 105 15064 15069 10.1073/pnas.0803124105 18806221 PMC2567493 · DOI · Paper page
  45. [53]Schluter J. Foster K.R. The evolution of mutualism in gut microbiota via host epithelial selection PLoS Biol. 2012 10 e1001424 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001424 23185130 PMC3502499 · DOI
  46. [54]Hooper L.V. Xu J. Falk P.G. Midtvedt T. Gordon J.I. A molecular sensor that allows a gut commensal to control its nutrient foundation in a competitive ecosystem Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1999 96 9833 9838 10.1073/pnas.96.17.9833 10449780 PMC22296 · DOI
  47. [55]Martens E.C. Chiang H.C. Gordon J.I. Mucosal glycan foraging enhances fitness and transmission of a saccharolytic human gut bacterial symbiont Cell Host Microbe 2008 4 447 457 10.1016/j.chom.2008.09.007 18996345 PMC2605320 · DOI
  48. [56]Poulsen L.K. Lan F. Kristensen C.S. Hobolth P. Molin S. Krogfelt K.A. Spatial distribution of Escherichia coli in the mouse large intestine inferred from rRNA in situ hybridization Infect. Immun. 1994 62 5191 5194 7927805 PMC303247
  49. [57]Koropatkin N.M. Cameron E.A. Martens E.C. How glycan metabolism shapes the human gut microbiota Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2012 10 323 335 10.1038/nrmicro2746 22491358 PMC4005082 · DOI · Paper page
  50. [58]Salzman N.H. Hung K. Haribhai D. Chu H. Karlsson-Sjöberg J. Amir E. Teggatz P. Barman M. Hayward M. Eastwood D. Enteric defensins are essential regulators of intestinal microbial ecology Nat. Immunol. 2010 11 76 83 10.1038/ni.1825 19855381 PMC2795796 · DOI · Paper page
  51. [59]Vaishnava S. Yamamoto M. Severson K.M. Ruhn K.A. Yu X. Koren O. Ley R. Wakeland E.K. Hooper L.V. The Antibacterial Lectin RegIII Promotes the Spatial Segregation of Microbiota and Host in the Intestine Science 2011 334 255 258 10.1126/science.1209791 21998396 PMC3321924 · DOI · Paper page
  52. [60]Gill D.J. Tham K.M. Chia J. Wang S.C. Steentoft C. Clausen H. Bard-Chapeau E.A. Bard F.A. Initiation of GalNAc-type O-glycosylation in the endoplasmic reticulum promotes cancer cell invasiveness Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2013 110 E3152 E3161 10.1073/pnas.1305269110 23912186 PMC3752262 · DOI
  53. [61]Jentoft N. Why are proteins O-glycosylated? Trends Biochem. Sci. 1990 15 291 294 10.1016/0968-0004(90)90014-3 2204153 · DOI
  54. [62]Schulz B.L. Sloane A.J. Robinson L.J. Prasad S.S. Lindner R.A. Robinson M. Bye P.T. Nielson D.W. Harry J.L. Packer N.H. Glycosylation of sputum mucins is altered in cystic fibrosis patients Glycobiology 2007 17 698 712 10.1093/glycob/cwm036 17392389 · DOI
  55. [63]Barr J.J. Auro R. Furlan M. Whiteson K.L. Erb M.L. Pogliano J. Stotland A. Wolkowicz R. Cutting A.S. Doran K.S. Bacteriophage adhering to mucus provide a non-host-derived immunity Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2013 110 10771 10776 10.1073/pnas.1305923110 23690590 PMC3696810 · DOI
  56. [64]Nguyen-Kim H. Bettarel Y. Bouvier T. Bouvier C. Doan-Nhu H. Nguyen-Ngoc L. Nguyen-Thanh T. Tran-Quang H. Brune J. Coral mucus is a hot spot for viral infections Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2015 81 5773 5783 10.1128/AEM.00542-15 26092456 PMC4551247 · DOI
  57. [65]Nguyen-Kim H. Bouvier T. Bouvier C. Doan-Nhu H. Nguyen-Ngoc L. Rochelle-Newall E. Baudoux A.C. Desnues C. Reynaud S. Ferrier-Pages C. High occurrence of viruses in the mucus layer of scleractinian corals Environ. Microbiol. Rep. 2014 6 675 682 10.1111/1758-2229.12185 25756121 · DOI
  58. [66]Bork P. Holm L. Sander C. The Immunoglobulin Fold. Structural classification, sequence patterns and common core J. Mol. Biol. 1994 242 309 320 10.1016/S0022-2836(84)71582-8 7932691 · DOI
  59. [67]Halaby D.M. Mornon J.P.E. The immunoglobulin superfamily: An insight on its tissular, species, and functional diversity J. Mol. Evol. 1998 46 389 400 10.1007/PL00006318 9541533 · DOI
  60. [68]Fraser J.S. Maxwell K.L. Davidson A.R. Immunoglobulin-like domains on bacteriophage: Weapons of modest damage? Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2007 10 382 387 10.1016/j.mib.2007.05.018 17765600 · DOI
  61. [69]Fraser J.S. Yu Z. Maxwell K.L. Davidson A.R. Ig-like domains on bacteriophages: A tale of promiscuity and deceit J. Mol. Biol. 2006 359 496 507 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.03.043 16631788 · DOI
  62. [70]McMahon S.A. Miller J.L. Lawton J.A. Kerkow D.E. Hodes A. Marti-Renom M.A. Doulatov S. Narayanan E. Sali A. Miller J.F. The C-type lectin fold as an evolutionary solution for massive sequence variation Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 2005 12 886 892 10.1038/nsmb992 16170324 · DOI
  63. [71]Barr J.J. Auro R. Sam-Soon N. Kassegne S. Peters G. Bonilla N. Hatay M. Mourtada S. Bailey B. Youle M. Subdiffusive motion of bacteriophage in mucosal surfaces increases the frequency of bacterial encounters Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2015 112 13675 13680 10.1073/pnas.1508355112 26483471 PMC4640763 · DOI
  64. [72]Barr J.J. A bacteriophages journey through the human body Immunol. Rev. 2017 279 106 122 10.1111/imr.12565 28856733 · DOI
  65. [73]Bille E. Meyer J. Jamet A. Euphrasie D. Barnier J.P. Brissac T. Larsen A. Pelissier P. Nassif X. A virulence-associated filamentous bacteriophage of Neisseria meningitidis increases host-cell colonisation PLoS Pathog. 2017 13 1 23 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006495 28704569 PMC5526601 · DOI
  66. [74]Guarner F. Malagelada J.R. Gut flora in health and disease Lancet 2003 361 512 519 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12489-0 12583961 · DOI
  67. [75]Wiest R. Garcia-Tsao G. Bacterial translocation (BT) in cirrhosis Hepatology 2005 41 422 433 10.1002/hep.20632 15723320 · DOI · Paper page
  68. [76]Costantini T.W. Putnam J.G. Sawada R. Baird A. Loomis W.H. Eliceiri B.P. Bansal V. Coimbra R. Targeting the gut barrier: Identification of a homing peptide sequence for delivery into the injured intestinal epithelial cell Surgery 2009 146 206 212 10.1016/j.surg.2009.05.007 19628075 PMC4251594 · DOI
  69. [77]Ivanenkov V.V. Felici F. Menon A.G. Uptake and intracellular fate of phage display vectors in mammalian cells Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Res. 1999 1448 450 462 10.1016/S0167-4889(98)00162-1 9990297 · DOI
  70. [78]Keller R. Engley F.B. Fate of Bacteriophage Particles Introduced into Mice by Various Routes Exp. Biol. Med. 1958 98 577 580 10.3181/00379727-98-24112 13567777 · DOI
  71. [79]Wolochow H. Hildebrand G.J. Lamanna C. Translocation of microorganisms across the intestinal wall of the rat: Effect of microbial size and concentration J. Infect. Dis. 1966 116 523 528 10.1093/infdis/116.4.523 4959185 · DOI
  72. [80]Reynaud A. Cloastre L. Bernard J. Laveran H. Ackermann H.W. Licois D. Joly B. Characteristics and diffusion in the rabbit of a phage for Escherichia coli 0103. Attempts to use this phage for therapy Vet. Microbiol. 1992 30 203 212 10.1016/0378-1135(92)90114-9 1532681 · DOI
  73. [81]Jaiswal A. Koley H. Mitra S. Saha D.R. Sarkar B. Comparative analysis of different oral approaches to treat Vibrio cholerae infection in adult mice Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 2014 304 422 430 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.02.007 24656386 · DOI
  74. [82]Jun J.W. Shin T.H. Kim J.H. Shin S.P. Han J.E. Heo G.J. De Zoysa M. Shin G.W. Chai J.Y. Park S.C. Bacteriophage therapy of a Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection caused by a multiple-antibiotic-resistant O3:K6 pandemic clinical strain J. Infect. Dis. 2014 210 72 78 10.1093/infdis/jiu059 24558119 PMC7314037 · DOI
  75. [83]Duerr D.M. White S.J. Schluesener H.J. Identification of peptide sequences that induce the transport of phage across the gastrointestinal mucosal barrier J. Virol. Methods 2004 116 177 180 10.1016/j.jviromet.2003.11.012 14738985 · DOI
  76. [84]Bruttin A. Brüssow H. Human volunteers receiving Escherichia coli phage T4 orally: A safety test of phage therapy Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2005 49 2874 2878 10.1128/AAC.49.7.2874-2878.2005 15980363 PMC1168693 · DOI
  77. [85]Denou E. Bruttin A. Barretto C. Ngom-Bru C. Brüssow H. Zuber S. T4 phages against Escherichia coli diarrhea: Potential and problems Virology 2009 388 21 30 10.1016/j.virol.2009.03.009 19339031 · DOI
  78. [86]Oliveira A. Sereno R. Nicolau A. Azeredo J. The influence of the mode of administration in the dissemination of three coliphages in chickens Poult. Sci. 2009 88 728 733 10.3382/ps.2008-00378 19276415 · DOI
  79. [87]Letarova M. Strelkova D. Nevolina S. Letarov A. A test for the “physiological phagemia” hypothesis—Natural intestinal coliphages do not penetrate to the blood in horses Folia Microbiol. (Praha) 2012 57 81 83 10.1007/s12223-011-0096-z 22234557 · DOI
  80. [88]McCallin S. Alam Sarker S. Barretto C. Sultana S. Berger B. Huq S. Krause L. Bibiloni R. Schmitt B. Reuteler G. Safety analysis of a Russian phage cocktail: From MetaGenomic analysis to oral application in healthy human subjects Virology 2013 443 187 196 10.1016/j.virol.2013.05.022 23755967 · DOI
  81. [89]Górski A. Ważna E. Weber-Dąbrowska B. Dąbrowska K. Switała-Jelen K. Miedzybrodzki R. Wazna E. Weber-Da̧browska B. Da̧browska K. Świtała-Jeleń K. Bacteriophage translocation FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 2006 46 313 319 10.1111/j.1574-695X.2006.00044.x 16553803 · DOI
  82. [90]Weiss M. Denou E. Bruttin A. Serra-Moreno R. Dillmann M.L. Brüssow H. In vivo replication of T4 and T7 bacteriophages in germ-free mice colonized with Escherichia coli Virology 2009 393 16 23 10.1016/j.virol.2009.07.020 19699505 · DOI
  83. [91]Nguyen S. Baker K. Padman B.S. Patwa R. Dunstan R.A. Weston T.A. Schlosser K. Bailey B. Lithgow T. Lazarou M. Bacteriophage Transcytosis Provides a Mechanism To Cross Epithelial Cell Layers MBio 2017 8 e01874-17 10.1128/mBio.01874-17 29162715 PMC5698557 · DOI
  84. [92]Zhang L. Sun L. Wei R. Gao Q. He T. Xu C. Liu X. Wang R. Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus control by virulent bacteriophages within MAC-T bovine mammary epithelial cells Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2017 61 AAC.01990-16 10.1128/AAC.01990-16 27919889 PMC5278684 · DOI
  85. [93]Sharp R. Bacteriophages: Biology and history J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 2011 667 672 10.1002/jctb.434 · DOI
  86. [94]Di Giovine M. Salone B. Martina Y. Amati V. Zambruno G. Cundari E. Failla C.M. Saggio I. Binding properties, cell delivery, and gene transfer of adenoviral penton base displaying bacteriophage Virology 2001 282 102 112 10.1006/viro.2000.0809 11259194 · DOI
  87. [95]Boulifard D.A. Labouvie E. Gene Transfer into Mammalian Cells Using Targeted Filamentous Bacteriophage Int. J. Psychol. 2009 19 1 20 10.1080/10508610802471096.Looking · DOI
  88. [96]Poul M.A. Marks J.D. Targeted gene delivery to mammalian cells by filamentous bacteriophage J. Mol. Biol. 1999 288 203 211 10.1006/jmbi.1999.2678 10329137 · DOI
  89. [97]Lengeling A. Mahajan A. Gally D. Bacteriophages as pathogens and immune modulators? MBio 2013 10.1128/mBio.00868-13 PMC3870245 24222490 · DOI
  90. [98]Lehti T.A. Pajunen M.I. Skog M.S. Finne J. Internalization of a polysialic acid-binding Escherichia coli bacteriophage into eukaryotic neuroblastoma cells Nat. Commun. 2017 8 1915 10.1038/s41467-017-02057-3 29203765 PMC5715158 · DOI
  91. [99]Tam J.C.H. Jacques D.A. Intracellular immunity: Finding the enemy within-how cells recognize and respond to intracellular pathogens J. Leukoc. Biol. 2014 96 233 244 10.1189/jlb.4RI0214-090R 24899588 PMC4192899 · DOI
  92. [100]Barfoot R. Denham S. Gyure L.A. Hall J.G. Hobbs S.M. Jackson L.E. Robertson D. Some properties of dendritic macrophages from peripheral lymph Immunology 1989 68 233 239 2807381 PMC1385423
  93. [101]Wenger S.L. Turner J.H. Petricciani J.C. The cytogenetic, proliferative and viability effects of four bacteriophages on human lymphocytes In Vitro 1978 14 543 549 10.1007/BF02616097 680773 · DOI
  94. [102]Aronow R. Danon D. Electron microscopy of in vitro endocytosis of T2 phage by cells from rabbit peritoneal exudate J. Exp. Med. 1964 120 943 954 10.1084/jem.120.5.943 14247730 PMC2137874 · DOI
  95. [103]Nungester W.J. Watrous R.M. Accumulation of Bacteriophage in Spleen and Liver Following Its Intravenous Inoculation Exp. Biol. Med. 1934 31 901 905 10.3181/00379727-31-7367C · DOI
  96. [104]Geier M.R. Trigg M.E. Merril C.R. Fate of bacteriophage lamba in non-immune germ-free mice Nature 1973 246 221 223 10.1038/246221a0 4586796 · DOI
  97. [105]Merril C.R. Biswas B. Carlton R. Jensen N.C. Creed G.J. Zullo S. Adhya S. Long-circulating bacteriophage as antibacterial agents Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1996 93 3188 3192 10.1073/pnas.93.8.3188 8622911 PMC39580 · DOI
  98. [106]Mukerjee S. Ghosh S.N. Localization of cholera bacteriophage after intravenous injection Ann. Biochem. Exp. Med. 1962 22 73 76 14477035
  99. [107]Inchley C.J. The activity of mouse Kupffer cells following intravenous injection of T4 bacteriophage Clin Exp. Immunol 1969 5 173 187 5370053 PMC1579106
  100. [108]Cerveny K.E. DePaola A. Duckworth D.H. Gulig P.A. Phage therapy of local and systemic disease caused by Vibrio vulnificus in iron-dextran-treated mice Infect. Immun. 2002 70 6251 6262 10.1128/IAI.70.11.6251-6262.2002 12379704 PMC130292 · DOI
  101. [109]Tiwari B.R. Kim S. Rahman M. Kim J. Antibacterial efficacy of lytic Pseudomonas bacteriophage in normal and neutropenic mice models J. Microbiol. 2011 49 994 999 10.1007/s12275-011-1512-4 22203564 · DOI
  102. [110]Roach D.R. Leung C.Y. Henry M. Morello E. Singh D. Santo P.D. Weitz J.S. Debarbieux L. Unit I.I. Immunophage synergy is essential for eradicating pathogens that provoke acute respiratory infections Cell Host Microbe 2017 22 38 47 10.1016/j.chom.2017.06.018 28704651 · DOI
  103. [111]Pincus N.B. Reckhow J.D. Saleem D. Jammeh M.L. Datta S.K. Myles I.A. Strain specific phage treatment for Staphylococcus aureus infection is influenced by host immunity and site of infection PLoS ONE 2015 10 e0124280 10.1371/journal.pone.0124280 25909449 PMC4409319 · DOI
  104. [112]Leung C.Y. Weitz J.S. Modeling the synergistic elimination of bacteria by phage and the innate immune system J. Theor. Biol. 2017 429 241 252 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.06.037 28668337 · DOI
  105. [113]Weber-Dąbrowska B. Zimecki M. Mulczyk M. Effective phage therapy is associated with normalization of cytokine production by blood cell cultures Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. 2000 48 31 37 10722229
  106. [114]Zhang L. Hou X. Sun L. He T. Wei R. Pang M. Wang R. Staphylococcus aureus Bacteriophage Suppresses LPS-Induced Inflammation in MAC-T Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells Front. Microbiol. 2018 9 1 8 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02511 30083140 PMC6064726 · DOI
  107. [115]Park K. Cha K.E. Myung H. Observation of inflammatory responses in mice orally fed with bacteriophage T7 J. Appl. Microbiol. 2014 117 627 633 10.1111/jam.12565 24916438 · DOI
  108. [116]Kaur S. Harjai K. Chhibber S. Bacteriophage-aided intracellular killing of engulfed methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by murine macrophages Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2014 98 4653 4661 10.1007/s00253-014-5643-5 24633444 · DOI
  109. [117]Górski A. Międzybrodzki R. Borysowski J. Dąbrowska K. Wierzbicki P. Ohams M. Korczak-Kowalska G. Olszowska-Zaremba N. Łusiak-Szelachowska M. Kłak M. Phage as a modulator of immune responses: Practical implications for phage therapy Adv. Virus Res. 2012 83 41 71 10.1016/B978-0-12-394438-2.00002-5 22748808 · DOI
  110. [118]Jończyk-Matysiak E. Łusiak-Szelachowska M. Kłak M. Bubak B. Międzybrodzki R. Weber-Dąbrowska B. Zaczek M. Fortuna W. Rogóz P. Letkiewicz S. The effect of bacteriophage preparations on intracellular killing of bacteria by phagocytes J. Immunol. Res. 2015 2015 10.1155/2015/482863 PMC4689956 26783541 · DOI
  111. [119]Przerwa A. Zimecki M. Świtała-Jeleń K. Dąbrowska K. Krawczyk E. Łuczak M. Weber-Dąbrowska B. Syper D. Miȩdzybrodzki R. Górski A. Effects of bacteriophages on free radical production and phagocytic functions Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 2006 195 143 150 10.1007/s00430-006-0011-4 16447074 · DOI
  112. [120]Miedzybrodzki R. Switala-Jelen K. Fortuna W. Weber-Dąbrowska B. Przerwa A. Lusiak-Szelachowska M. Dąbrowska K. Kurzepa A. Boratynski J. Syper D. Bacteriophage preparation inhibition of reactive oxygen species generation by endotoxin-stimulated polymorphonuclear leukocytes Virus Res. 2008 131 233 242 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.09.013 17996972 · DOI
  113. [121]Miernikiewicz P. Klopot A. Soluch R. Szkuta P. Keska W. Hodyra-Stefaniak K. Konopka A. Nowak M. Lecion D. Kazmierczak Z. T4 phage tail Adhesin Gp12 counteracts LPS-induced inflammation In Vivo Front. Microbiol. 2016 7 1 8 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01112 27471503 PMC4943950 · DOI
  114. [122]Górski A. Nowaczyk M. Weber-Dabrowska B. Kniotek M. Boratynski J. Ahmed A. Dabrowska K. Wierzbicki P. Switala-Jelen K. Opolski A. New insights into the possible role of bacteriophages in transplantation Transplant. Proc. 2003 35 2372 2373 10.1016/S0041-1345(03)00811-X 14529945 · DOI
  115. [123]Górski A. Miedzybrodzki R. Weber-Dabrowska B. Fortuna W. Letkiewicz S. Rogóz P. Jończyk-Matysiak E. Dabrowska K. Majewska J. Borysowski J. Phage therapy: Combating infections with potential for evolving from merely a treatment for complications to targeting diseases Front. Microbiol. 2016 7 1515 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01515 27725811 PMC5035766 · DOI
  116. [124]Kamme C. Antibodies against staphylococcal bacteriophages in human sera Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. B Microbiol. Immunol. 1973 81 741 748 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1973.tb02269.x 4273800 · DOI
  117. [125]Smith H.W. Huggins M.B. Shaw K.M. Factors influencing the survival and multiplication of bacteriophages in calves and in their environment J. Gen. Microbiol. 1987 133 1127 1135 10.1099/00221287-133-5-1127 3309178 · DOI
  118. [126]Dąbrowska K. Miernikiewicz P. Piotrowicz A. Hodyra K. Owczarek B. Lecion D. Ka mierczak Z. Letarov A. Górski A. Immunogenicity studies of Proteins Forming the T4 Phage Head Surface J. Virol. 2014 88 12551 12557 10.1128/JVI.02043-14 25142581 PMC4248953 · DOI
  119. [127]Fogelman I. Davey V. Ochs H.D. Elashoff M. Feinberg M.B. Mican J. Siegel J.P. Sneller M. Lane H.C. Evaluation of CD4+ T cell function In vivo in HIV-infected patients as measured by bacteriophage phiX174 immunization J. Infect. Dis. 2000 182 435 441 10.1086/315739 10915073 · DOI
  120. [128]Ochs H.D. Davis S.D. Wedgwood R.J. Immunologic responses to bacteriophage phi-X 174 in immunodeficiency diseases J. Clin. Investig. 1971 50 2559 2568 10.1172/JCI106756 5129308 PMC292205 · DOI
  121. [129]Rubinstein A. Mizrachi Y. Bernstein L. Shliozberg J. Golodner M. Liu G.Q. Ochs H.D. Progressive specific immune attrition after primary, secondary and tertiary immunizations with bacteriophage phi X174 in asymptomatic HIV-1 infected patients AIDS 2000 14 F55 F62 10.1097/00002030-200003100-00004 10770533 · DOI
  122. [130]Shearer W.T. Lugg D.J. Rosenblatt H.M. Nickolls P.M. Sharp R.M. Reuben J.M. Ochs H.D. Antibody responses to bacteriophage φX-174 in human subjects exposed to the Antarctic winter-over model of spaceflight J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2001 107 160 164 10.1067/mai.2001.112269 11150006 · DOI
  123. [131]Dąbrowska K. Switala-Jelen K. Opolski A. Weber-Dąbrowska B. Górski A. Bacteriophage penetration in vertebrates J. Appl. Microbiol. 2005 98 7 13 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02422.x 15610412 · DOI
  124. [132]Jerne N.K. The presence in normal serum of specific antibody against bacteriophage T4 and its increase during the earliest stages of immunization J. Immunol. 1956 76 209 216 13306956
  125. [133]Jerne N.K. Bacteriophage inactivation by antiphage serum diluted in distilled water Nature 1952 169 117 118 10.1038/169117b0 14910703 · DOI
  126. [134]Żaczek M. Łusiak-Szelachowska M. Jończyk-Matysiak E. Weber-Dąbrowska B. Międzybrodzki R. Owczarek B. Kopciuch A. Fortuna W. Rogóż P. Górski A. Antibody production in response to Staphylococcal MS-1 phage cocktail in patients undergoing phage therapy Front. Microbiol. 2016 7 1 14 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01681 27822205 PMC5075762 · DOI
  127. [135]Łusiak-Szelachowska M. Żaczek M. Weber-Dąbrowska B. Międzybrodzki R. Kłak M. Fortuna W. Letkiewicz S. Rogóż P. Szufnarowski K. Jończyk-Matysiak E. Phage Neutralization by Sera of Patients Receiving Phage Therapy Viral Immunol. 2014 27 295 304 10.1089/vim.2013.0128 24893003 PMC4076984 · DOI
  128. [136]Levin B.R. Bull J.J. Population and evolutionary dynamics of phage therapy Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2004 2 166 173 10.1038/nrmicro822 15040264 · DOI
  129. [137]Payne R.J.H. Jansen V.A.A. Pharmacokinetic principles of bacteriophage therapy Clin. Pharmacokinet. 2003 42 315 325 10.2165/00003088-200342040-00002 12648024 · DOI
  130. [138]Payne R.J. Jansen V.A. Understanding bacteriophage therapy as a density-dependent kinetic process J. Theor. Biol. 2001 208 37 48 10.1006/jtbi.2000.2198 11162051 · DOI
  131. [139]Payne R.J.H. Jansen V.A.A. Phage therapy: The peculiar kinetics of self-replicating pharmaceuticals Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 2000 68 225 230 10.1067/mcp.2000.109520 11014403 · DOI
  132. [140]Loc-Carrillo C. Abedon S. Pros and cons of phage therapy Bacteriophage 2011 1 111 114 10.4161/bact.1.2.14590 22334867 PMC3278648 · DOI
  133. [141]Cairns B.J. Timms A.R. Jansen V.A.A. Connerton I.F. Payne R.J.H. Quantitative Models of In Vitro Bacteriophage–Host Dynamics and Their Application to Phage Therapy PLoS Pathog. 2009 5 e1000253 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000253 19119417 PMC2603284 · DOI
  134. [142]Kasman L.M. Kasman A. Westwater C. Dolan J. Schmidt M.G. Norris J.S. Overcoming the phage replication threshold: A mathematical model with implications for phage therapy J. Virol. 2002 76 5557 5564 10.1128/JVI.76.11.5557-5564.2002 11991984 PMC137030 · DOI
  135. [143]Abedon S. Thomas-Abedon C. Phage therapy pharmacology Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 2010 11 28 47 10.2174/138920110790725410 20214606 · DOI
  136. [144]Ho K. Bacteriophage Therapy for Bacterial Infections: Rekindling a Memory from the Pre-Antibiotics Era Perspect. Biol. Med. 2001 44 1 16 10.1353/pbm.2001.0006 11253299 · DOI
  137. [145]Aleshkin A.V. Ershova O.N. Volozhantsev N.V. Svetoch E.A. Popova A.V. Rubalskii E.O. Borzilov A.I. Aleshkin V.A. Afanas’ev S.S. Karaulov A.V. Phagebiotics in treatment and prophylaxis of healthcare-associated infections Bacteriophage 2016 6 e1251379 10.1080/21597081.2016.1251379 28090384 PMC5221749 · DOI
  138. [146]Kingwell K. Bacteriophage therapies re-enter clinical trials Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2015 14 515 516 10.1038/nrd4695 26228748 · DOI
  139. [147]Mattey M. Spencer J. Bacteriophage therapy--cooked goose or phoenix rising? Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2008 19 608 612 10.1016/j.copbio.2008.09.001 18926909 · DOI
  140. [148]Debarbieux L. Leduc D. Maura D. Morello E. Criscuolo A. Grossi O. Balloy V. Touqui L. Bacteriophages can treat and prevent Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infections J. Infect. Dis. 2010 201 1096 1104 10.1086/651135 20196657 · DOI
  141. [149]Secor P.R. Michaels L.A. Smigiel K.S. Rohani M.G. Jennings L.K. Hisert K.B. Arrigoni A. Braun K.R. Birkland T.P. Lai Y. Filamentous bacteriophage produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa alters the inflammatory response and promotes noninvasive infection in vivo Infect. Immun. 2017 85 e00648-16 10.1128/IAI.00648-16 27795361 PMC5203648 · DOI
  142. [151]Eriksson F. Tsagozis P. Lundberg K. Parsa R. Mangsbo S.M. Persson M.A.A. Harris R.A. Pisa P. Culp W.D. Massey R. Tumor-specific bacteriophages induce tumor destruction through activation of tumor-associated macrophages J. Immunol. 2009 182 3105 3111 10.4049/jimmunol.0800224 19234207 · DOI · Paper page
  143. [152]Eriksson F. Culp W.D. Massey R. Egevad L. Garland D. Persson M.A.A.A. Pisa P. Tumor specific phage particles promote tumor regression in a mouse melanoma model Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 2007 56 677 687 10.1007/s00262-006-0227-6 16967280 PMC11031031 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Van Belleghem, J. D., Dąbrowska, K., Vaneechoutte, M., Barr, J. J., & Bollyky, P. L.
Affiliations
  • Laboratory Bacteriology Research, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
  • Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy (PL)
  • Ghent University (BE)
  • Monash University (AU)
  • Stanford Medicine (US)
ORCID
Venue
Viruses
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2018-12-25
Volume
11
Issue
1
Pages
10
ISSN
1999-4915 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/v11010010
PMC
PMC6356784
OpenAlex
W2905810822
Cited by
408
References
9
Citations by year
2026: 56 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 1
FWCI
3.64
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Viruses (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Monash University Research Portal (Monash University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Falk Medical Research Trust (Transformative Award)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Bacteriophages and microbial interactions
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Invertebrate Immune Response Mechanisms
Keywords
bacteriophages, phage-bacteria interactions, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, phagocytosis, cytokine response, antibody production, phageome, bacterial infection, host-microbe interactions
MeSH terms
Host Microbial Interactions, Animals, Antibodies, Viral, Bacteria, Bacterial Infections, Bacteriophages, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Phagocytosis, Cytokines, Mice, Adaptive Immunity, Microbiota

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review