The DOI matches its Crossref record; 74 of the 74 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Machine Learning for Drug-Target Interaction Prediction
Open accessAbstract
Identifying drug-target interactions will greatly narrow down the scope of search of candidate medications, and thus can serve as the vital first step in drug discovery. Considering that in vitro experiments are extremely costly and time-consuming, high efficiency computational prediction methods could serve as promising strategies for drug-target interaction (DTI) prediction. In this review, our goal is to focus on machine learning approaches and provide a comprehensive overview. First, we summarize a brief list of databases frequently used in drug discovery. Next, we adopt a hierarchical classification scheme and introduce several representative methods of each category, especially the recent state-of-the-art methods. In addition, we compare the advantages and limitations of methods in each category. Lastly, we discuss the remaining challenges and future outlook of machine learning in DTI prediction. This article may provide a reference and tutorial insights on machine learning-based DTI prediction for future researchers.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Different algorithms based on AI, including supervised and unsupervised learning methods, reinforcement, and evolutionary or rule-based algorithms, can potentially contribute to solving these problems.”
From The role of AI in drug discovery: challenges, opportunities, and strategies (2023) · cites this paper as [9]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
An introduction to ROC analysis
Fawcett, T. (2006) · Pattern Recognition Letters · doi:10.1016/j.patrec.2005.10.010 · Cited by 21,879
No free lunch theorems for optimization
Wolpert, D. H., & Macready, W. G. (1997) · IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation · doi:10.1109/4235.585893 · Cited by 14,237
A Global Geometric Framework for Nonlinear Dimensionality Reduction
Tenenbaum, J. B., Silva, V. D., & Langford, J. C. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.290.5500.2319 · Cited by 13,585
KEGG: new perspectives on genomes, pathways, diseases and drugs
Kanehisa, M., Furumichi, M., Tanabe, M., Sato, Y., & Morishima, K. (2017) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkw1092 · Cited by 8,865
DrugBank 5.0: a major update to the DrugBank database for 2018
Wishart, D. S., Feunang, Y. D., Guo, A. C., Lo, E. J., Marcu, A., Grant, J. R., Sajed, T., Johnson, D., Li, C., Sayeeda, Z., et al. (2018) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkx1037 · Cited by 8,404
The relationship between Precision-Recall and ROC curves
Davis, J., & Goadrich, M. (2006) · Proceedings of the 23rd international conference on Machine learning - ICML '06 · doi:10.1145/1143844.1143874 · Cited by 6,559
PubChem Substance and Compound databases
Kim, S., Thiessen, P. A., Bolton, E. E., Chen, J., Fu, G., Gindulyte, A., Han, L., He, J., He, S., Shoemaker, B. A., et al. (2016) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkv951 · Cited by 5,436
ChEMBL: a large-scale bioactivity database for drug discovery
Gaulton, A., Bellis, L. J., Bento, A. P., Chambers, J., Davies, M., Hersey, A., Light, Y., McGlinchey, S., Michalovich, D., Al-Lazikani, B., et al. (2012) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkr777 · Cited by 4,382
How to improve R&D productivity: the pharmaceutical industry's grand challenge
Paul, S. M., Mytelka, D. S., Dunwiddie, C. T., Persinger, C. C., Munos, B. H., Lindborg, S. R., & Schacht, A. L. (2010) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd3078 · Cited by 3,566
Relating protein pharmacology by ligand chemistry
Keiser, M. J., Roth, B. L., Armbruster, B. N., Ernsberger, P., Irwin, J. J., & Shoichet, B. K. (2007) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt1284 · Cited by 2,402
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–294 of 294
Lu, J., Jia, X., Wang, C., & He, H. (2022) · Journal of Applied Toxicology · doi:10.1002/jat.4402 · Cited by 2
Xu, W., Yang, X., Guan, Y., Cheng, X., & Wang, Y. (2024) · Mathematical Biosciences & Engineering · doi:10.3934/mbe.2024115 · Cited by 2
Paasivirta, P., Numminen, R., Airola, A., Karmitsa, N., & Pahikkala, T. (2024) · Optimization methods & software · doi:10.1080/10556788.2023.2280784 · Cited by 2
The Emergence of In-Silico Models in Drug Target Interaction System: A Comprehensive Review
Jeyasingh, J. R., & Glory Josephine, I. (2024) · Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia · doi:10.13005/bbra/3198 · Cited by 3
Bhatia, A., Sharma, M., Alabdulkreem, E. A., Alruwais, N. M., Saeed, M. K., & Yahya, A. E. (2024) · Alexandria Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.aej.2024.08.074 · Cited by 3
Bhargava, H., Sharma, A., & Suravajhala, P. (2024) · Journal of Proteins and Proteomics · doi:10.1007/s42485-024-00171-7 · Cited by 2
Identify potential drug candidates within a high-quality compound search space
Ru, X., Zhao, S., Zou, Q., & Xu, L. (2024) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbaf024 · Cited by 2
1D-Convnet Model for Detection of Antidepressant Drugs
Pasfica, G. R., Ramadhan, N. G., & Adhinata, F. D. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Cybernetics and Computational Intelligence (CyberneticsCom) · doi:10.1109/cyberneticscom55287.2022.9865476 · Cited by 2
Drug-Target Interaction Prediction Based on Gaussian Interaction Profile and Information Entropy
Liu, L., Yao, S., Ding, Z., Guo, M., Yu, D., & Hu, K. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-91415-8_33 · Cited by 2
Mabonga, L., Masamba, P., & Kappo, A. P. (2022) · Informatics in Medicine Unlocked · doi:10.1016/j.imu.2022.100993 · Cited by 2
Drug Prediction in Healthcare Using Big Data and Machine Learning
Rashid, M. U., Goyal, V., Parah, S. A., & Singh, H. (2022) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-6291-1.ch055 · Cited by 2
A Methodology for the Prediction of Drug Target Interaction Using CDK Descriptors
Liyaqat, T., Ahmad, T., & Saxena, C. (2023) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-1648-1_34 · Cited by 2
Liu, B., Pliakos, K., Vens, C., & Tsoumakas, G. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2012.12325 · Cited by 2
Computational Approaches for Target Inference
Heßler, G., Grebner, C., & Matter, H. (2019) · Methods and principles in medicinal chemistry · doi:10.1002/9783527818242.ch10 · Cited by 2
Machine Learning in Drug Discovery
Mani, G., & Jayakumar, G. (2024) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394234196.ch4 · Cited by 2
Drug Target Extraction from Biomedical Articles Based on a Two-Stage Cascading Framework
Li, X., Ding, L., & Zhang, Z. (2023) · ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries · doi:10.1109/jcdl57899.2023.00044 · Cited by 1
LINGO Profiles Fingerprint and Association Rule Mining for drug-target interaction prediction
Javeed, M. J. M., Khan, A. K. A., & Malim, N. H. A. H. (2023) · Computing and artificial intelligence. · doi:10.59400/cai.v1i1.99 · Cited by 1
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in the Discovery of New Drugs
Barcelos, M. P., & da Silva, C. H. T. D. P. (2024) · Engineering materials · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-75984-0_14 · Cited by 1
Role of Artificial Intelligence in Biological Research: A Short Review
Sarkar, K. (2024) · A Basic Overview of Environment and Sustainable Development [Volume: 3] · doi:10.52756/boesd.2024.e03.014 · Cited by 1
Computational Tools and Software in Drug Discovery
Georrge, J. J., Mishra, S. K., Chhetri, T., Roy, S., & Gurung, K. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-5598-5.ch007 · Cited by 1
Zhang, L., Liu, Z., Chen, J., & Xiao, X. (2024) · International Conference on Computer, Vision and Intelligent Technology (ICCVIT) · doi:10.1109/iccvit63928.2024.10872591 · Cited by 1
Li, X., Su, R., & Liu, L. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM) · doi:10.1109/bibm66473.2025.11356749 · Cited by 1
Drug - Drug Interaction Prediction System Using Machine Learning Algorithms
Ayyasamy, R. K., Deepak, P., Chinnasamy, P., Panyala, A. R., Sinha, K., & Kiran, D. A. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Innovations in Engineering and Next-Generation Technologies for Sustainability (ICINVENTS) · doi:10.1109/icinvents64613.2025.11401659 · Cited by 1
Hu, X., Bao, H., Huang, Y., Cao, Z., Yang, W., Huang, C., Chen, X., Chen, Y., Chen, B., Xia, G., et al. (2026) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.3390/cimb48030293 · Cited by 1
Beyond the brain barrier: Hybrid nanoparticles orchestrating intelligent neuro-theranostics.
Saxena, S., Kaur, J., Singh, T. G., Kumar, M., & Awasthi, A. (2026) · Advances in Colloid and Interface Science · doi:10.1016/j.cis.2026.103954 · Cited by 1
Drugs with SMILES Similar to Coxibs
Kallergis, G., Sfakianakis, S. G., Zervakis, M. E., & Spanakis, M. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Bioengineering (BIBE) · doi:10.1109/bibe.2019.00153 · Cited by 1
Kwofie, S. K., Agyenkwa-Mawuli, K., Adams, J., Anteh, P., Agyapong, O., & Wilson, M. D. (2021) · Journal of Computational Biophysics and Chemistry · doi:10.1142/s2737416521410040 · Cited by 1
Investigating the Use of Ensemble Learning for Drug Target Affinity Model
Handoyo, A. T., Lucky, H., Wicaksono, P., Suhartono, D., & Majiid, M. R. N. (2022) · International Conference on Intelligent Cybernetics Technology & Applications (ICICyTA) · doi:10.1109/icicyta57421.2022.10038046 · Cited by 1
Yang, Q., Fan, L., Hao, E., Hou, X., Deng, J., Xia, Z., & Du, Z. (2024) · Computational and Theoretical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.comptc.2024.114551 · Cited by 1
Keyvanpour, M. R., Mehrmolaei, S., & Haddadi, F. (2024) · Current Computer - Aided Drug Design · doi:10.2174/0115734099288803240416103536 · Cited by 1
Harahap, R. N., Hendrawan, R., & Kurniawan, I. (2024) · International Conference of Computer and Informatics Engineering (IC2IE) · doi:10.1109/ic2ie63342.2024.10748152 · Cited by 1
MuFAl: A Universal Drug-Target Interaction Prediction Framework
Chen, X., Husen, M. N., & Huang, X. (2025) · International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and Communication (IMCOM) · doi:10.1109/imcom64595.2025.10857588 · Cited by 1
MKDTI: Predicting Drug-Target Interactions via Multiple Kernel Fusion on Graph Attention Network
Zhou, Y., Wang, Y., Wu, Y., Chen, Q., Yuan, W., Wang, X., & Li, J. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-0027-7_14 · Cited by 1
LINGOBLM: using LINGO kernel in Bipartite Local Model
Haddadi, F., & Keyvanpour, M. R. (2019) · International Conference on Knowledge-Based Engineering and Innovation · doi:10.1109/kbei.2019.8734956 · Cited by 1
Sun, D., Shouhang, N., Ding, Z., & Luo, B. (2021) · International Conference on Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (ICBCB) · doi:10.1109/icbcb52223.2021.9459207 · Cited by 1
A Critical Review On Predicting Drug-Drug Reactions Using Machine Learning Techniques
Kumar, A. (2021) · International Journal of Computational & Neural Engineering · doi:10.19070/2572-7389-2100015 · Cited by 1
Deep Learning Advancements in Target Delivery
Mishra, S. K., Gupta, P., Ojha, S., Sharma, V., Anthony, V., & Sharma, D. (2022) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119857983.ch4 · Cited by 1
Romdendine, M. F., Kusuma, W. A., Annisa, A., Nurilmala, M., & Fitriani, R. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202306.1793.v1 · Cited by 1
Protocol for: A Simple, Accessible, Literature-based Drug Repurposing PipelinePreprint
Lange, M., Martyn, M., Gogarty, E., Braude, P., Fayez, F., & Carter, B. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.07.18.24310641 · Cited by 1
Rahmani, B., & Kamberaj, H. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/779496
Slow Collective Variables of Macromolecular Systems
Kamberaj, H. (2020) · Scientific computation · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-35702-3_8
Kalitin, K. Y., Nevzorov, A. A., Спасов, А. А., & Sotnikov, P. I. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.36210.73923/1
Bhargava, H., Sharma, A., & Suravajhala, P. (2020) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-6014-9_69
Identification and Validation of Lipid-related Genes in Acute Myocardial InfarctionPreprint
Liu, Z., Liu, F., Zheng, P., Cao, Y., Pan, H.-W., Peng, S., & Hong, X. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2249926/v1
Guo, R. J. (2022) · Journal of Computational Methods in Sciences and Engineering · doi:10.3233/jcm-226638
HassanpourAzizi, M., Nozarpourshami, N., & Pirgazi, J. (2022) · Iranian Conference on Signal Processing and Intelligent Systems (ICSPIS) · doi:10.1109/icspis56952.2022.10043888
Singh, H., Rana, P. S., & Singh, U. (2023) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-023-14536-5
RetractedSharma, M., & Deswal, S. (2023) · Intelligent Decision Technologies · doi:10.3233/idt-230145
Bakhtiyari, N., Parvizpour, S., Masoudi‐Sobhanzadeh, Y., & Masoudi‐Nejad, A. (2023) · Informatics in Medicine Unlocked · doi:10.1016/j.imu.2023.101336
A Hybrid ROS-SVM Model for Detecting Target Multiple Drug Types
Ramadhan, N. G., Khoirunnisa, A., Kurnianingsih, K., & Hashimoto, T. (2023) · JOIV International Journal on Informatics Visualization · doi:10.30630/joiv.7.3.1171
Multi-Objective Evolution for Automated Chemistry
Aslan, B., da Silva, F. S. C., & Nitschke, G. (2023) · IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI) · doi:10.1109/ssci52147.2023.10372035
Link Prediction in Stagewise Graphs
Dewulf, P., Stock, M., & Bernard De Baets, C. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering · doi:10.1109/tkde.2024.3351732
Sándor, D. B., & Antal, P. (2024) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-47721-8_26
Bhargava, H., Sharma, A., & Suravajhala, P. (2024) · Indian Journal of Science and Technology · doi:10.17485/ijst/v17i10.3202
Chen, P., & Zheng, H. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22649432
Fast Bipartite Forests for Semi-supervised Interaction Prediction
Ilídio, P., Alves, A., & Cerri, R. (2024) · ACM Symposium on Applied Computing · doi:10.1145/3605098.3636071
Silva, P. D. C. B. I. (2024) · doi:10.11606/d.76.2024.tde-01072024-082057
Genome Sequence Analysis and Drug-Target Interaction Prediction Using Deep Learning
Chaudhari, S., Khemani, B., Patil, S., & Gupta, J. (2024) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-4149-6_39
Triagem in silico de compostos com atividade ansiolítica encontrados na espécie Magnolia obovata
Vaz, C. M. C., Bocchi, G. S., & Borges, L. L. (2024) · Revista Fitos · doi:10.32712/2446-4775.2024.1661
Qureshi, S., Iqbal, S. M. Z., Ameer, A., Karrila, S., Ghadi, Y. Y., & Shah, S. A. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39279
Feature Extraction of Drug–Target Interactions Usingmodified Transformer Binding Phase
Prakash, Sudharsan, M., Meenakashi, G., & Margaret Marry, T. (2024) · International Conference on Recent Advances in Information Technology for Sustainable Development (ICRAIS) · doi:10.1109/icrais62903.2024.10811734
The Influence of Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery and Development
Krishnan, S., Rajendran, K., Yogeshwaran, V. N., & Radhakrishnan, B. (2024) · Medical virology · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-2938-8_3
Ghosh, D., Chakraborty, S., Pal, D., Tarafdar, P., Pal, R., Maity, S., Jaiswal, U., Singh, D., & Mallick, A. (2024) · International Conference on Big Data Analytics in Bioinformatics (DABCon) · doi:10.1109/dabcon63472.2024.10919313
Quantum Machine Learning for Drug Discovery: A Systematic Review
Anisurrahman, Alam, B., & Hamid, M. (2025) · International Journal on Smart & Sustainable Intelligent Computing · doi:10.63503/j.ijssic.2025.158 · Cited by 2
The Synergistic Role of Bioinformatics and Computational Chemistry in Modern Drug Research
S., M. R. S. M. R., V.M, D. D. V. M. D. D., Doltade Sonal, N., Vaishnavi, S., & Mahesh, B. M. B. (2025) · International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Applications · doi:10.35629/4494-100312221226
Advanced Biologics and Smart Delivery Systems for Cardiovascular Diseases: A Comprehensive Review
Ghasura, P., Sajnani, B. M., Tanveer, M. A., Barath Raj, R., & Sharma, D. A. (2025) · International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology · doi:10.32628/ijsrst251268
DTIP-WINDGRU a novel drug-target interaction prediction with wind-enhanced gated recurrent unit
Gananathan, K., Manjula, D., & Sugumaran, V. (2025) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/s12859-025-06141-0
Integrating artificial intelligence with precision medicine: a synergistic approach
Hull, R., Batra, J., & Dlamini, Z. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-45495-0.00013-9 · Cited by 1
273 Explainable AI approaches in drug classification from biomarkers of epileptic seizure
Ghosh, D., Singh, D., & Neogi, B. (2025) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783111504667-003
Yaowaluk, T., Tangpanithandee, S., Techapichetvanich, P., & Khemawoot, P. (2025) · Drug Design Development and Therapy · doi:10.2147/dddt.s543827
HIN-MTDTI: Heterogeneous Information Networks for Multitask Drug–Target Interaction Prediction
Deng, J., Yu, H., Zhang, J., Lu, M., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics · doi:10.1109/tcbbio.2025.3603029
Abbasi, M., Váz, P., Silva, J. A., & Martins, P. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-08455-2_4
Khouzani, L. J., Sardari, S., Khouzani, S. J., Pérez‐Sánchez, H., & Ghasemi, F. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0333553
Additional file 1 of Explainable deep drug–target representations for binding affinity prediction
Monteiro, N. R. C., Simões, C. J. V., Ávila, H. V., Abbasi, M., Oliveira, J. L., & Arrais, J. P. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20098252
AI Applications in Nuclear Medicine and Hybrid Imaging
Livieratos, L., Trauernicht, C. J., & Champendal, M. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-05080-9_10
Lv, W., Zhang, Q., & Liu, L. (2026) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2026.153448
A novel graph neural network approach for predicting drug-target interactions
Warner, B., Ruthen, A., Ratner, E. R., Garcia, E. F., & Dougals, C. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Future Machine Learning and Data Science (FMLDS) · doi:10.1109/fmlds67896.2025.00114
Artificial Intelligence Towards Health Care and Its Role in Diagnostics and Treatment
Sharf, Y., Sharf, R., & Khan, G. (2026) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/407371
LapGAT: A Semi‐Supervised Learning Framework for Drug–Target Interaction Prediction
Song, L., Yuan, W., & Pei, X. (2026) · Molecular Informatics · doi:10.1002/minf.70028
Abou-Abbas, L., & Henni, K. (2026) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/s12859-026-06457-5
A multi-modal co-attention model for accurate drug-target interaction prediction
Ma, W., Li, W., Yang, M., Pu, Z., & Tang, X. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0351880
Cheminformatic and Machine Learning based Approach for Predicting Drug Candidates
C, J. S., Pillai, S., Harsha, B. S., & Nair, M. (2026) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2026.05.170
Nguyen, T., Tô, H. M., Nguyen, D. A., Trieu, D., & Nguyen, G. (2026) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbag392
Qian, H., Pan, D., Nie, L., Jiang, Y., & Quan, L. (2026) · Journal of Computational Biology · doi:10.1177/15578666261469586
Chauhan, R., Pandey, N., & Zuhairi, M. F. (2026) · Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.3389/frai.2026.1881187
KG-DFI: A Prediction of Drug–Food Interactions Based on Knowledge Graph Embedding
Kang, M., Lee, M. J., & Yoo, S. (2026) · Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.34133/csbj.0205
Herbetko, K., Herbetko, K., Mikołajek, M., Wojdyło, L., Klasen, K., Kulbacki, M., & Kulbacka, J. (2026) · Future Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1080/17568919.2026.2714025 · Cited by 1
GADTI: A geometry-aware dual-tower framework for drug-target interaction prediction
Zeng, P., Liu, T., Meng, Y., Tang, X., Cui, F., Zhang, Z., Xu, J., & Wu, T. (2026) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2026.134464
Chen, D., Liu, Y., Liu, B., Wang, Z., Lin, H., & Yang, Z. (2026) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-38260-3_16
The rise of agentic AI in drug discovery from static tools to autonomous virtual scientists
Zhao, D., Fang, M., Mao, L., Zhu, Y., Su, Q., Shi, H., Xu, H., Li, L., Hou, T., & Hsieh, C.-Y. (2026) · npj Drug Discovery. · doi:10.1038/s44386-026-00075-0
Metadata
- Authors
- Chen, R., Liu, X., Jin, S., Lin, J., & Liu, J.
- Affiliations
- Xiamen University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Liu, Juan
- Venue
- Molecules
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2018-08-31
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 2208
- ISSN
- 1420-3049 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6225477
- OpenAlex
- W2889321024
- Cited by
- 292
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 22
- FWCI
- 1.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Molecules (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (61472333, 61772441, 61472335)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Drug Discovery › Computational Drug Discovery Methods
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Machine Learning in Bioinformatics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bioinformatics and Genomic Networks
- Keywords
- drug-target interaction prediction, machine learning, drug discovery, hierarchical classification, computational drug discovery
- MeSH terms
- Machine Learning, Algorithms, Drug Interactions, Humans, Drug Delivery Systems, Databases as Topic, Drug Discovery
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review