Sulfamethoxazole Removal from Drinking Water by Activated Carbon: Kinetics and Diffusion Process
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Sulfamethoxazole (SMX), a pharmaceutical residue, which is persistent and mobile in soils, shows low biodegradability, and is frequently found in the different aquatic compartments, can be found at very low concentrations in water intended for human consumption. In conditions compatible with industrial practices, the kinetic reactivity and performance of tap water purification using activated carbon powder (ACP) are examined here using two extreme mass ratios of SMX to ACP: 2 µg/L and 2 mg/L of SMX for only 10 mg/L of ACP. In response to surface chemistry, ACP texture and the intrinsic properties of SMX in water at a pH of 8.1, four kinetic models, and two monosolute equilibrium models showed a total purification of the 2 µg/L of SMX, the presence of energetic heterogeneity of surface adsorption of ACP, rapid kinetics compatible with the residence times of industrial water treatment processes, and kinetics affected by intraparticle diffusion. The adsorption mechanisms proposed are physical mechanisms based mainly on π–π dispersion interactions and electrostatic interactions by SMX−/Divalent cation/ArO− and SMX−/Divalent cation/ArCOO− bridging. Adsorption in tap water, also an innovative element of this study, shows that ACP is very efficient for the purification of very slightly polluted water.
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High picogram to low nanogram per Liter levels of sulfamethoxazole have been found in water intended for human consumption, suggesting that removal by wastewater treatment plants is substantial but incomplete.
“high picogram to low nanogram per Liter levels have also been found in water intended for human consumption, which suggests that this drug’s removal by wastewater treatment plants is substantial but incomplete [13].”
From Pharmacometabolomics Study of Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim in Kidney Transplant Recipients: Real-World Metabolism and Urinary Excretion (2025) · cites this paper as [13]
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- Authors
- BIZI, M.
- Affiliations
- Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (FR)
- Corresponding author
- BIZI, Mohamed
- Venue
- Molecules
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-10-13
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 20
- Pages
- 4656
- ISSN
- 1420-3049 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7587352
- OpenAlex
- W3093135396
- Cited by
- 62
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 1.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Molecules (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Environmental remediation with nanomaterials
- Keywords
- sulfamethoxazole, powdered activated carbon, pharmaceutical removal, drinking water treatment, adsorption kinetics, intraparticle diffusion, adsorption isotherms, π-π stacking, electrostatic interactions, surface heterogeneity
- MeSH terms
- Adsorption, Charcoal, Diffusion, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Kinetics, Particle Size, Sulfamethoxazole, Waste Disposal, Fluid, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Water Purification, Drinking Water
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