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Multidrug Resistance (MDR): A Widespread Phenomenon in Pharmacological Therapies

Catalano, Alessia, Iacopetta, Domenico, Ceramella, Jessica, Scumaci, Domenica, Giuzio, Federica, Saturnino, Carmela, Aquaro, Stefano, Rosano, Camillo, Sinicropi, Maria Stefania·2022·Molecules
DOI 10.3390/molecules27030616PMC PMC8839222
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Abstract

Multidrug resistance is a leading concern in public health. It describes a complex phenotype whose predominant feature is resistance to a wide range of structurally unrelated cytotoxic compounds, many of which are anticancer agents. Multidrug resistance may be also related to antimicrobial drugs, and is known to be one of the most serious global public health threats of this century. Indeed, this phenomenon has increased both mortality and morbidity as a consequence of treatment failures and its incidence in healthcare costs. The large amounts of antibiotics used in human therapies, as well as for farm animals and even for fishes in aquaculture, resulted in the selection of pathogenic bacteria resistant to multiple drugs. It is not negligible that the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic may further contribute to antimicrobial resistance. In this paper, multidrug resistance and antimicrobial resistance are underlined, focusing on the therapeutic options to overcome these obstacles in drug treatments. Lastly, some recent studies on nanodrug delivery systems have been reviewed since they may represent a significant approach for overcoming resistance.

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Figure 1 Mechanisms of antimicrobial and anticancer drug resistance.
Figure 1 Mechanisms of antimicrobial and anticancer drug resistance.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Metadata

Authors
Catalano, A., Iacopetta, D., Ceramella, J., Scumaci, D., Giuzio, F., Saturnino, C., Aquaro, S., Rosano, C., & Sinicropi, M. S.
Venue
Molecules
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2022-01-18
Volume
27
Issue
3
Pages
616
ISSN
1420-3049
DOI
10.3390/molecules27030616
PMC
PMC8839222
Cited by
450
References
7
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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