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Cited by 2,024Antibiotic Use and ResistanceAntibiotic Resistance in BacteriaPharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts

Antimicrobial Resistance: Implications and Costs

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Dadgostar, Porooshat·2019·Infection and Drug Resistance
DOI 10.2147/idr.s234610PMC PMC6929930
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Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has developed as one of the major urgent threats to public health causing serious issues to successful prevention and treatment of persistent diseases. In spite of different actions taken in recent decades to tackle this issue, the trends of global AMR demonstrate no signs of slowing down. Misusing and overusing different antibacterial agents in the health care setting as well as in the agricultural industry are considered the major reasons behind the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. In addition, the spontaneous evolution, mutation of bacteria, and passing the resistant genes through horizontal gene transfer are significant contributors to antimicrobial resistance. Many studies have demonstrated the disastrous financial consequences of AMR including extremely high healthcare costs due to an increase in hospital admissions and drug usage. The literature review, which included articles published after the year 2012, was performed using Scopus, PubMed and Google Scholar with the utilization of keyword searches. Results indicated that the multifactorial threat of antimicrobial resistance has resulted in different complex issues affecting countries across the globe. These impacts found in the sources are categorized into three different levels: patient, healthcare, and economic. Although gaps in knowledge about AMR and areas for improvement are obvious, there is not any clearly understood progress to put an end to the persistent trends of antimicrobial resistance.

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Authors
Dadgostar, P.
Affiliations
George Washington University (US)
Corresponding author
Dadgostar, Porooshat
ORCID
Dadgostar, Porooshat
Venue
Infection and Drug Resistance
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2019-12
Volume
Volume 12
Pages
3903-3910
ISSN
1178-6973 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.2147/idr.s234610
PMC
PMC6929930
OpenAlex
W2996508375
Cited by
2,024
References
4
Citations by year
2026: 246 · 2025: 368 · 2024: 496 · 2023: 447 · 2022: 247 · 2021: 166 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1
FWCI
12.99
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Infection and Drug Resistance (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Dove Medical Press (Taylor and Francis Group) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology › Antibiotic Use and Resistance
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Medicine › Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
Keywords
antimicrobial resistance, health care costs, economic burden, antibiotic misuse, horizontal gene transfer, bacterial mutation, agricultural use of antibiotics, hospitalization, public health risk

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