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Cited by 1,100Flavonoids in Medical ResearchPhytochemicals and Antioxidant ActivitiesPhytochemistry and Biological Activities

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Flavonoids as Potential Anti-Inflammatory Molecules: A Review

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Al-Khayri, Jameel M., Sahana, Gandasi Ravikumar, Nagella, Praveen, Joseph, Biljo V., Alessa, Fatima M., Al-Mssallem, Muneera Q.·2022·Molecules
DOI 10.3390/molecules27092901PMC PMC9100260
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Abstract

Hydroxylated polyphenols, also called flavonoids, are richly present in vegetables, fruits, cereals, nuts, herbs, seeds, stems, and flowers of numerous plants. They possess numerous medicinal properties such as antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-microbial, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammation. Studies show that flavonoids activate antioxidant pathways that render an anti-inflammatory effect. They inhibit the secretions of enzymes such as lysozymes and β-glucuronidase and inhibit the secretion of arachidonic acid, which reduces inflammatory reactions. Flavonoids such as quercetin, genistein, apigenin, kaempferol, and epigallocatechin 3-gallate modulate the expression and activation of a cytokine such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-8 (IL-8); regulate the gene expression of many pro-inflammatory molecules such s nuclear factor kappa-light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), activator protein-1 (AP-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM), and E-selectins; and also inhibits inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and lipoxygenase, which are pro-inflammatory enzymes. Understanding the anti-inflammatory action of flavonoids provides better treatment options, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-induced inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease, obstructive pulmonary disorder, arthritis, Alzheimer’s disease, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, and cancer. This review highlights the sources, biochemical activities, and role of flavonoids in enhancing human health.

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Figures

Figure 1 Structure of different groups of flavonoids.
Figure 1 Structure of different groups of flavonoids.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Major inflammatory pathways targeted by flavonoids.
Figure 2 Major inflammatory pathways targeted by flavonoids.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Different flavonoids and their function.
Figure 3 Different flavonoids and their function.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 Anti-inflammatory action of flavonoids.
Figure 4 Anti-inflammatory action of flavonoids.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Authors
Al-Khayri, J. M., Sahana, G. R., Nagella, P., Joseph, B. V., Alessa, F. M., & Al-Mssallem, M. Q.
Affiliations
  • King Faisal University (SA)
  • Christ University (IN)
Corresponding author
  • Al-Khayri, Jameel M.
  • Nagella, Praveen
ORCID
Venue
Molecules
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2022-05-02
Volume
27
Issue
9
Pages
2901
ISSN
1420-3049 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/molecules27092901
PMC
PMC9100260
OpenAlex
W4225285596
Cited by
1,100
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 319 · 2025: 354 · 2024: 251 · 2023: 141 · 2022: 32
FWCI
27.95
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Molecules (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders
Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University (AN000511)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Flavonoids in Medical Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Phytochemistry and Biological Activities
Keywords
flavonoids, anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant pathways, cytokine modulation, NF-κB, AP-1, adhesion molecules, inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, lipoxygenase, arachidonic acid, quercetin, genistein, apigenin, kaempferol, epigallocatechin gallate, inflammatory bowel disease, arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, cancer, dietary polyphenols
MeSH terms
COVID-19, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Antioxidants, Flavonoids, Humans, Inflammation, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, NF-kappa B

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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