Fluorimetric Determination of Eosin Y in Water Samples and Drinks Using Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Liquid-Phase Microextraction
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An environmentally friendly and highly sensitive analytical method for the determination of the dye Eosin Y (EY) was developed utilizing vortex-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction based on deep eutectic solvents (DESs), combined with fluorescence detection (LPME-FLD). The extraction efficiencies of conventional solvents and various DES systems, composed of tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) and alcohols (hexanol, octanol, and decanol) in different ratios, were systematically compared. DFT calculations provided insights into the most stable forms of EY in solvents of varying polarity. Theoretical Hansen solubility parameters and the COSMO-RS solvation model were applied to assess extraction efficiency. Hansen parameters were obtained via semiempirical PM7 calculations, while BP86/def2-TZVPD DFT computations were employed within the openCOSMO-RS framework. The developed method exhibited a linear calibration range between 0.1 and 130 µg·L−1, with a high correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.9982). The limit of detection (LOD) was established at 0.028 µg·L−1. Method precision and repeatability were confirmed over two days, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranging from 1.1% to 2.7% and with recoveries between 99.0% and 106.2%. The proposed analytical approach was successfully applied to the determination of EY in real water samples, demonstrating both its practical applicability and alignment with green chemistry principles.
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Vortex-assisted DLLME uses mechanical agitation and offers a simple, economical, instrumentally minimal approach.
“In vortex-assisted DLLME, mechanical agitation is applied, offering a simple, economical, and instrumentally minimal approach [56,59,63,82,99].”
From Eco-Friendly Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Extraction Technologies: A Comprehensive Review of Principles, Applications, and Comparative Insights (2026) · cites this paper as [99]
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- [7]Al-Behadili W.K.H. Jawad Y.M. Whaab W.S.A. Effect of solvent on intensity of absorption and fluorescence of Eosin Y dye and spectral properties of Eosin Y dye J. Med. Chem. Sci. 2023 6 322 334 10.26655/JMCHEMSCI.2023.2.13 · DOI
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Smirnova, S. V., Gorbovskaya, A. V., Vershinina, Y. S., Apyari, V. V., & Proskurnin, М. А. (2025) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules30244769 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
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“In vortex-assisted DLLME, mechanical agitation is applied, offering a simple, economical, and instrumentally minimal approach [56,59,63,82,99].”
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- Authors
- Kakalejčíková, S., Bazeľ, Y., Drábiková, M., & Fizer, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Pavol Jozef Šafárik (SK)
- University of Nevada, Reno (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kakalejčíková, Sofia
- Bazeľ, Yaroslav
- Venue
- Molecules
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2025-08-10
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 16
- Pages
- 3334
- ISSN
- 1420-3049 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC12388366
- OpenAlex
- W4413207769
- Cited by
- 4
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1
- FWCI
- 1.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Molecules (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- VEGA (1/0177/23)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Analytical chemistry methods development
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Catalysis › Ionic liquids properties and applications
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Spectroscopy › Analytical Chemistry and Chromatography
- Keywords
- eosin Y, deep eutectic solvents, liquid-phase microextraction, vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction, fluorescence detection, tetrabutylammonium bromide, water samples, beverages, dye determination, extraction efficiency, Hansen solubility parameters, DFT calculations, green chemistry
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