Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) and Their Applications
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ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTDeep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) and Their ApplicationsEmma L. Smith*†‡, Andrew P. Abbott‡, and Karl S. Ryder‡View Author Information† Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom‡ Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom*E-mail: [email protected]Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 21, 11060–11082Publication Date (Web):October 10, 2014Publication History Received18 April 2012Published online10 October 2014Published inissue 12 November 2014https://doi.org/10.1021/cr300162pCopyright © 2014 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSACS AuthorChoiceArticle Views194896Altmetric-Citations3706LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (17 MB) Get e-AlertscloseSUBJECTS:Anions,Deposition,Metals,Salts,Solvents Get e-Alerts
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DES are liquid at room temperature and characterized by non-flammability, low vapor pressure and low melting point, and high chemical and thermal stability.
“In terms of properties, DES are liquid at room temp erature and characterized by non-flammability, low vapor pressure and low melting point, and high chemi cal and thermal stability (12-15,36).”
From Evaluating the green credentials and performance of deep eutectic solvents in the extraction of antibiotics and mycotoxins in foods (2024) · cites this paper as [14]
The Properties section (p. 3) describes DESs as having low vapor pressure, a relatively wide liquid range, and nonflammability; the Deep Eutectic Solvents section (p. 1) describes low melting points. But Properties (p. 3) says DESs are generally less chemically inert than traditional ionic liquids, and Green Credentials (p. 8) notes that some may decompose at higher temperatures. The blanket claim of high chemical and thermal stability is therefore not supported. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDES can be designed to target a wide range of low-molecular weight compounds in food and feed by varying the type and molar concentrations of HBAs and HBDs.
“As a result of their unique properties, DES can be designed to target a wide range of low-molecular weight compounds in food and feed by varying the type and molar concentrations of HBAs and HBDs (13-15).”
From Evaluating the green credentials and performance of deep eutectic solvents in the extraction of antibiotics and mycotoxins in foods (2024) · cites this paper as [14]
The review says DES properties can be tailored through the choice of hydrogen-bond donor (CONTENTS, p. 2), and that salt and donor type and molar ratio affect those properties (section 2.2, p. 4). It also describes selective extraction of certain metals (section 3.3, p. 15). It does not establish that varying those components lets DES target a wide range of low-molecular-weight compounds in food and feed. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDESs are inexpensive, less toxic, and biodegradable.
“They are inexpensive, less toxic, and biodegradable [25].”
From Deep eutectic solvent as a novel disperser in dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplet (DLLME-SFOD) for preconcentration of steroids in water samples: Assessment of the method deleterious impact on the environment using Analytical Eco-Scale and Green Analytical Procedure Index (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
Section 2 (p. 3) supports the low-cost claim relative to conventional ionic liquids. Section 2.6 (p. 8) reports that one choline chloride–ethylene glycol DES is readily biodegradable, but cautions that DESs are not inherently low-toxicity or biodegradable; toxicity varies by formulation and needs further study. The claim overgeneralizes those properties to DESs as a whole. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCharge delocalization through hydrogen bonding between a halide ion and the hydrogen-donor moiety is responsible for the decrease in the melting point of the DES mixture relative to the melting points of the individual components.
“The charge delocalization occurring through hydrogen bonding between, for instance a halide ion and the hydrogen-donor moiety, is responsible for the decrease in the melting point of the mixture, in relation to the melting points of the individual components [19,20].”
From Microextraction Techniques with Deep Eutectic Solvents (2020) · cites this paper as [20]
Four main types of DES occur: type I quaternary salt with a metal chloride, type II quaternary salt with a hydrated metal chloride, type III quaternary salt (HBA) with an HBD compound, and type IV metal chloride with an HBD.
“Hence, four main different types of DES occur: I. quaternary salt with a metal chloride, II. quaternary salt with a hydrated metal chloride, III. quaternary salt (HBA) with an HBD compound and IV. metal chloride with an HBD.”
From Microextraction Techniques with Deep Eutectic Solvents (2020) · cites this paper as [20]
The first two types of DES are used to synthesize hydrophilic DESs, while the other two types are used for hydrophobic DESs.
“The first two types are used to synthesize hydrophilic DESs, whilst the other two for hydrophobic DESs [20,34].”
From Microextraction Techniques with Deep Eutectic Solvents (2020) · cites this paper as [20]
The discussion of DES types I–IV (p. 2) classifies them by their components, not by whether they are hydrophilic or hydrophobic. Searches for both terms found no passage assigning the first two types to hydrophilic DESs and the other two to hydrophobic DESs. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe main mechanisms through which DES interact with target analytes in different food matrices include hydrogen bonding, π-π, π-cation, ion-dipole force, electrostatic, dipole-dipole, Van der Waals, and hydrophobic interactions.
“In terms of mode of action, hydrogen bonding, π-π, π-cation, ion-dipole force, electrostatic, dipole-dipole, Van der Waals, and hydrophobic inter actions represent the main mechanisms through which DES interact with target analytes in different food and matrices (13-15).”
From Evaluating the green credentials and performance of deep eutectic solvents in the extraction of antibiotics and mycotoxins in foods (2024) · cites this paper as [14]
Section 1.1 (p. 1) discusses hydrogen bonding between DES components, while Section 3.3 (p. 15) discusses extraction of metals from complex matrices. Neither addresses how DESs interact with target analytes in food matrices or identifies the claimed set of mechanisms. Searches for food analytes and the listed interactions found no passage that settles the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCharge delocalization through hydrogen bonding between HBD and HBA is responsible for the decrease in the melting point of the mixture relative to the melting points of the individual components.
“The charge delocalization that occurs through hydrogen bonding between HBD and HBA is responsible for the decrease in the melting point of the mixture relative to the melting points of the individual components [24].”
Abbott and co-workers found that choline chloride and urea interact to form a liquid at room temperature with a freezing point of 12°C at 1:2 molar ratio.
“Abbott and co-workers [12] found that choline chloride (mp = 302 • C) and urea (mp = 133 • C) interact to form a liquid at room temperature with a freezing point of 12 • C at 1:2 molar ratio.”
From Recent Advances in Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents for Extraction (2019) · cites this paper as [12]
The hydrophilicity of DES limits their practical application to polar compounds, which is a major drawback of the solvent.
“Conversely, the hydrophilicity of DES limits their practical application to only polar compounds, which is a major drawback of the solvent.”
From Recent Advances in Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents for Extraction (2019) · cites this paper as [12]
Most deep eutectic solvents synthesized since their inception in 2001 have been hydrophilic.
“In the over 1,800 articles published since their inception in 2001, most deep eutectic solvents (DES) synthesized have been hydrophilic.”
From Recent Advances in Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents for Extraction (2019) · cites this paper as [12]
Most of the synthesized DES reviewed are hydrophilic.
“Most of the synthesized DES reviewed [10,12,22] are hydrophilic.”
From Recent Advances in Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents for Extraction (2019) · cites this paper as [12]
The LOD of 0.008 μg L−1 for the developed DES-ME was between those of other microextraction methods.
“The limits of detection of 0.008 µg L−1 for the developed DES-ME were between those of the other methods, as shown in Table 5.”
From Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Microextraction of Lead(II) Traces from Water and Aqueous Extracts before FAAS Measurements (2020) · cites this paper as [34]
Deep eutectic solvents are promising for the attraction of heavy metals from aqueous solutions because they are entirely composed of nitrogen and oxygen in their structure, in addition to carbon and hydrogen.
“Deep eutectic solvents are promising for the attraction of heavy metals from aqueous solutions because they are entirely composed of nitrogen and oxygen in their structure, in addition to the main skeleton of organic derived materials including carbon and hydrogen [34,35].”
From Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Microextraction of Lead(II) Traces from Water and Aqueous Extracts before FAAS Measurements (2020) · cites this paper as [34]
Deep eutectic solvents facilitate phase separation during the microextraction process.
“The deep eutectic solvents facilitate the phase separation during the microextraction process.”
From Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Microextraction of Lead(II) Traces from Water and Aqueous Extracts before FAAS Measurements (2020) · cites this paper as [34]
Hydrogen bonds are formed by charge delocalization, and the mixture's melting point is lower than the separate components of the DES.
“Thus, hydrogen bonds are formed by charge delocalization, and the mixture’s melting point is lower than the separate components of the DES [13,14].”
From Applications of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Sample Preparation and Extraction of Organic Molecules (2022) · cites this paper as [13]
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- Authors
- Smith, E. L., Abbott, A. P., & Ryder, K. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Leicester (GB)
- Venue
- Chemical Reviews
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2014-10-10
- Volume
- 114
- Issue
- 21
- Pages
- 11060-11082
- ISSN
- 0009-2665 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-6890
- OpenAlex
- W2321005010
- Cited by
- 7,378
- References
- 242
- Citations by year
- 2026: 931 · 2025: 1010 · 2024: 939 · 2023: 935 · 2022: 814 · 2021: 741 · 2020: 662 · 2019: 482 · 2018: 339 · 2017: 276 · 2016: 144 · 2015: 94 · 2014: 7
- FWCI
- 5.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Chemical Reviews (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (NA)
- Technology Strategy Board (NA)
- European Commission (NA)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Catalysis › Ionic liquids properties and applications
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Lubricants and Their Additives
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › N-Heterocyclic Carbenes in Organic and Inorganic Chemistry
- Keywords
- deep eutectic solvents, ionic liquids, solvent design, metal extraction, metal deposition, anion exchange, metal salts, green solvents
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