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Persistent Economic Burden of the Gluten Free Diet
Open accessAbstract
Gluten free (GF) products have been reported to be more expensive and less available than their gluten containing counterparts. We examined the current U.S. cost and availability of GF products and made comparisons to the marketplace over a decade ago. Cost, determined by price per ounce and availability of a “market basket” of regular and GF products across four venues and five geographic regions was compared using a student’s t test. GF products were more expensive (overall 183%), and in all regions and venues (p < 0.001). GF products from mass-market producers were 139% more expensive than the wheat-based version of the same product. Availability of GF products was greatest (66%) in the health food and upscale venues. In contrast to the results of the 2006 study, the cost of GF products has declined from 240% to 183% (adjusted for inflation). The introduction of mass-market production of GF products may have influenced the increase in availability and overall reduction of cost since 2006. The extent to which the cost of GF products impacts dietary adherence and quality of life for those on a GFD warrants exploration.
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Low socioeconomic status may increase the economic burden of families including members with coeliac disease.
“and increase the economic burden of families including members with CD (147-149).”
From Gluten-free diet for pediatric patients with coeliac disease: A position paper from the ESPGHAN gastroenterology committee, special interest group in coeliac disease. (2024) · cites this paper as [147]
The Discussion (section 5; page not provided) says the higher cost of gluten-free products likely adds financial hardship for patients with coeliac disease. It does not examine whether low socioeconomic status increases that burden or assess the burden specifically for families with an affected member. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Research works printed but not linked: 10
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- Lee, 2007, Economic burden of a gluten-free diet, J. Hum. Nutr. Diet., 20, 423, 10.1111/j.1365-277X.2007.00763.x · DOI
- Missbach, 2015, Gluten-free food database: The nutritional quality and cost of packaged gluten-free foods, Peer J., 3, e1337, 10.7717/peerj.1337 · DOI
- Burden, 2015, Cost and availability of gluten-free food in the UK: In store and online, Postgrad. Med. J., 91, 622, 10.1136/postgradmedj-2015-133395 · DOI
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- Sarkhy, 2016, socioeconomic impacts of gluten-free diet among saudi children with celiac disease, Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Nutr., 19, 162, 10.5223/pghn.2016.19.3.162 · DOI
- Pourhoseingholi, 2017, Economic burden made celiac disease an expensive and challenging condition for Iranian patients, Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Bed. Bench., 10, 258
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Gluten-Free Products: From Dietary Necessity to Premium Price Extraction Tool
Gorgitano, M. T., & Sodano, V. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11091997 · Cited by 34
Luque, V., Crespo‐Escobar, P., Hård af Segerstad, E. M., Koltai, T., Norsa, L., Roman, E., Vreugdenhil, A., Fueyo‐Díaz, R., & Ribes‐Koninckx, C. (2024) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1002/jpn3.12079 · Cited by 44
Metadata
- Authors
- Lee, A. R., Wolf, R. L., Lebwohl, B., Ciaccio, E. J., & Green, P. H. R.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lee, Anne R.
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-02-14
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 399
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6412592
- OpenAlex
- W2914133100
- Cited by
- 154
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 6
- FWCI
- 15.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Celiac Disease Research and Management
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Economics of Agriculture and Food Markets
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
- Keywords
- gluten-free diet, gluten-free foods, food costs, food availability, dietary adherence, celiac disease, health food stores
- MeSH terms
- Celiac Disease, Food, Food Labeling, Humans, Nutritive Value, Cost of Illness, Foods, Specialized, Diet, Gluten-Free
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