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Cited by 39Sports Performance and TrainingDiet and metabolism studiesMuscle metabolism and nutrition

Anaerobic Performance after a Low-Carbohydrate Diet (LCD) Followed by 7 Days of Carbohydrate Loading in Male Basketball Players

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Michalczyk, Małgorzata Magdalena, Chycki, Jakub, Zajac, Adam, Maszczyk, Adam, Zydek, Grzegorz, Langfort, Józef·2019·Nutrients
DOI 10.3390/nu11040778PMC PMC6520927
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Abstract

Despite increasing interest among athletes and scientists on the influence of different dietary interventions on sport performance, the association between a low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet and anaerobic capacity has not been studied extensively. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) followed by seven days of carbohydrate loading (Carbo-L) on anaerobic performance in male basketball players. Fifteen competitive basketball players took part in the experiment. They performed the Wingate test on three occasions: after the conventional diet (CD), following 4 weeks of the LCD, and after the weekly Carbo-L, to evaluate changes in peak power (PP), total work (TW), time to peak power (TTP), blood lactate concentration (LA), blood pH, and bicarbonate (HCO3−). Additionally, the concentrations of testosterone, growth hormone, cortisol, and insulin were measured after each dietary intervention. The low-carbohydrate diet procedure significantly decreased total work, resting values of pH, and blood lactate concentration. After the low-carbohydrate diet, testosterone and growth hormone concentrations increased, while the level of insulin decreased. After the Carbo-L, total work, resting values of pH, bicarbonate, and lactate increased significantly compared with the results obtained after the low-carbohydrate diet. Significant differences after the low-carbohydrate diet and Carbo-L procedures, in values of blood lactate concentration, pH, and bicarbonate, between baseline and post exercise values were also observed. Four weeks of the low-carbohydrate diet decreased total work capacity, which returned to baseline values after the carbohydrate loading procedure. Moreover, neither the low-carbohydrate feeding nor carbohydrate loading affected peak power.

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Crossref · 10.3390/nu11040778

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  • Both vitamin D and testosterone increases are associated with muscle mass, strength and power.

    “Both of them are associated with muscle mass, strength and power [6,25].”

    From Influence of Sunlight and Oral D3 Supplementation on Serum 25(OH)D Concentration and Exercise Performance in Elite Soccer Players (2020) · cites this paper as [25]

    The Discussion (section 4; page not provided) describes testosterone as anabolic and says elevated anabolic hormones combined with exercise can promote muscle hypertrophy, which matters for anaerobic performance. It does not address vitamin D, and the athletes’ fat-free mass did not substantially change despite increased testosterone. The paper therefore does not support the full claim about both substances and muscle mass, strength, and power. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The main catabolic hormone causing muscle damage in athletes is cortisol.

    “The main catabolic hormone causing muscle damage in athletes is cortisol [25].”

    From Influence of Sunlight and Oral D3 Supplementation on Serum 25(OH)D Concentration and Exercise Performance in Elite Soccer Players (2020) · cites this paper as [25]

    The Discussion identifies C (cortisol) as having a potent catabolic property in the context of athletes’ muscle metabolism. It does not say cortisol is the main catabolic hormone or that it causes muscle damage in athletes. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Athletes with higher testosterone concentration and adequate protein consumption can increase muscle synthesis, increase muscle fibre recruitment and finally increase total training loads.

    “Athletes with higher testosterone concentration and adequate protein consumption can increase muscle synthesis, increase muscle fibre recruitment and finally increase total training loads [24,25].”

    From Influence of Sunlight and Oral D3 Supplementation on Serum 25(OH)D Concentration and Exercise Performance in Elite Soccer Players (2020) · cites this paper as [25]

    The Discussion (section 4; page unavailable) says anabolic hormones, including testosterone, promote intramuscular protein synthesis and that elevated levels combined with exercise can potentiate hypertrophy. It does not link adequate protein consumption to increased muscle-fibre recruitment or training loads. The authors also report that their athletes did not show substantial gains in body mass or fat-free mass despite elevated testosterone. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • A high testosterone level enhances post-exercise recovery.

    “A high testosterone level also enhances post-exercise recovery [25].”

    From Influence of Sunlight and Oral D3 Supplementation on Serum 25(OH)D Concentration and Exercise Performance in Elite Soccer Players (2020) · cites this paper as [25]

    The Discussion describes testosterone as an anabolic hormone and says elevated anabolic hormones combined with exercise can promote muscle hypertrophy. It does not say that high testosterone enhances post-exercise recovery; moreover, the proposed hypertrophy effect did not occur in the athletes studied. Our copy provides support for an anabolic role, but not for the stated recovery benefit. (LLM, conf=0.78)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Higher testosterone secretion increases intramuscular protein synthesis.

    “Higher testosterone secretion increases intramuscular protein synthesis, which was observed after vitamin D supplementation (muscle mass: 40.25 ± 3.4 vs. 44.15 ± 4.5 kg) in the EG, and indirectly influences 5 m ST results (1.09 ± 0.04 vs. 1.04 ± 0.05) [6,25].”

    From Influence of Sunlight and Oral D3 Supplementation on Serum 25(OH)D Concentration and Exercise Performance in Elite Soccer Players (2020) · cites this paper as [25]

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Authors
Michalczyk, M. M., Chycki, J., Zajac, A., Maszczyk, A., Zydek, G., & Langfort, J.
Affiliations
  • Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego im. Jerzego Kukuczki w Katowicach (PL)
  • Department of Sports Training, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikolowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
Corresponding author
Chycki, Jakub
ORCID
Venue
Nutrients
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2019-04-04
Volume
11
Issue
4
Pages
778
ISSN
2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/nu11040778
PMC
PMC6520927
OpenAlex
W2934983584
Cited by
39
References
57
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 3
FWCI
5.68
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
The Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland (NRSA3 03953 and NRSA4 040 54.)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Keywords
low-carbohydrate diet, carbohydrate loading, anaerobic performance, basketball players, Wingate test, peak power, blood lactate, blood pH, bicarbonate, testosterone, growth hormone, cortisol, insulin, dietary intervention
MeSH terms
Adult, Basketball, Bicarbonates, Energy Intake, Dietary Carbohydrates, Hormones, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Male, Muscle Contraction, Nutritional Status, Nutritive Value, Time Factors, Biomarkers, Muscle, Skeletal, Lactic Acid, Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted, Muscle Strength, Athletic Performance, Young Adult, Athletes, Physical Conditioning, Human

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