Carbohydrate Availability and Training Adaptation: Effects on Cell Metabolism

Diet, muscle glycogen and physical performance.

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The Glycogen-Binding Domain on the AMPK β Subunit Allows the Kinase to Act as a Glycogen Sensor

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Regulation of 5′AMP-activated protein kinase activity and substrate utilization in exercising human skeletal muscle

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Skeletal muscle adaptation: training twice every second day vs. training once daily

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Skeletal muscle adaptation and performance responses to once a day versus twice every second day endurance training regimens

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Raising plasma fatty acid concentration induces increased biogenesis of mitochondria in skeletal muscle

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Influence of pre‐exercise muscle glycogen content on exercise‐induced transcriptional regulation of metabolic genes

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Training with Low Muscle Glycogen Enhances Fat Metabolism in Well-Trained Cyclists

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Decreased PDH activation and glycogenolysis during exercise following fat adaptation with carbohydrate restoration

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Reduced carbohydrate availability does not modulate training-induced heat shock protein adaptations but does upregulate oxidative enzyme activity in human skeletal muscle

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Daily training with high carbohydrate availability increases exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during endurance cycling

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Fat adaptation followed by carbohydrate loading compromises high-intensity sprint performance

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Fueling strategies to optimize performance: training high or training low?

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Influence of muscle glycogen availability on ERK1/2 and Akt signaling after resistance exercise in human skeletal muscle

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Suppression of plasma free fatty acids upregulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α and δ and PPAR coactivator 1α in human skeletal muscle, but not lipid regulatory genes

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Effect of training in the fasted state on metabolic responses during exercise with carbohydrate intake

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Acute signalling responses to intense endurance training commenced with low or normal muscle glycogen

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Food and macronutrient intake of elite Kenyan distance runners

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Effects of short-term fat adaptation on metabolism and performance of prolonged exercise

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Exercise: it's the real thing!

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Reduced glycogen availability is associated with increased AMPKα2 activity, nuclear AMPKα2 protein abundance, and GLUT4 mRNA expression in contracting human skeletal muscle

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Carbohydrate feeding during recovery alters the skeletal muscle metabolic response to repeated sessions of high-intensity interval exercise in humans

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Regulation of metabolic genes in human skeletal muscle by short-term exercise and diet manipulation

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Influence of preexercise muscle glycogen content on transcriptional activity of metabolic and myogenic genes in well-trained humans

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Oral glucose ingestion attenuates exercise-induced activation of 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase in human skeletal muscle

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Fat adaptation followed by carbohydrate restoration increases ampk activity in skeletal muscle from trained humans

Yeo, W. K., Lessard, S. J., Chen, Z.-P., Garnham, A. P., Burke, L. M., Rivas, D. A., Kemp, B. E., & Hawley, J. A. (2008) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.90540.2008 · Cited by 73 · see citing works

Nutritional strategies to optimize training and racing in middle-distance athletes

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Impact of carbohydrate supplementation during endurance training on glycogen storage and performance

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Optimizing training adaptations by manipulating glycogen

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Specific attenuation of protein kinase phosphorylation in muscle with a high mitochondrial content

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Carbohydrate ingestion does not alter skeletal muscle AMPK signaling during exercise in humans

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Glucose ingestion during endurance training does not alter adaptation

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Carbohydrates for training and competition

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Low carbohydrate, high fat diet impairs exercise economy and negates the performance benefit from intensified training in elite race walkers

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Recovery of the immune system after exercise

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Periodized Nutrition for Athletes

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Individual response to exercise training - a statistical perspective

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Physiological and Health-Related Adaptations to Low-Volume Interval Training: Influences of Nutrition and Sex

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The General Adaptation Syndrome: A Foundation for the Concept of Periodization

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The molecular athlete: exercise physiology from mechanisms to medals

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Nutritional modulation of training-induced skeletal muscle adaptations

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The Effects of a Ketogenic Diet on Exercise Metabolism and Physical Performance in Off-Road Cyclists

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Maximizing Cellular Adaptation to Endurance Exercise in Skeletal Muscle

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Carbohydrate Dependence During Prolonged, Intense Endurance Exercise

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Glycogen availability and skeletal muscle adaptations with endurance and resistance exercise

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Effects of sleeping with reduced carbohydrate availability on acute training responses

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Weight Management for Athletes and Active Individuals: A Brief Review

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Immunological aspects of sport nutrition

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Nutrition for sports performance: issues and opportunities

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Considerations for ultra-endurance activities: part 1- nutrition

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Considerations for ultra-endurance activities: part 2 – hydration

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Ramping up the signal: promoting endurance training adaptation in skeletal muscle by nutritional manipulation

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Optimizing Intramuscular Adaptations to Aerobic Exercise: Effects of Carbohydrate Restriction and Protein Supplementation on Mitochondrial Biogenesis

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Bioenergetics of Exercising Humans

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Caffeine ingestion and cycling power output in a low or normal muscle glycogen state

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Factors associated with dietary supplement use by people who exercise at gyms

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Exercise twice‐a‐day potentiates markers of mitochondrial biogenesis in men

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Sodium bicarbonate ingestion augments the increase in PGC-1α mRNA expression during recovery from intense interval exercise in human skeletal muscle

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Effects of skeletal muscle energy availability on protein turnover responses to exercise

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Effects of Ramadan Fasting on Health and Athletic Performance

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Can clinicians and scientists explain and prevent unexplained underperformance syndrome in elite athletes: an interdisciplinary perspective and 2016 update

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Conducting an Acute Intense Interval Exercise Session During the Ramadan Fasting Month: What Is the Optimal Time of the Day?

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Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete

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Practical Nutritional Recommendations for the Athlete

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Anaerobic Performance after a Low-Carbohydrate Diet (LCD) Followed by 7 Days of Carbohydrate Loading in Male Basketball Players

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Intense Exercise Training and Immune Function

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Considerations of Low Carbohydrate Availability (LCA) to Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) in Female Endurance Athletes: A Narrative Review

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Exercising in the Fasted State Reduced 24-Hour Energy Intake in Active Male Adults

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Effects of Easy-to-Use Protein-Rich Energy Bar on Energy Balance, Physical Activity and Performance during 8 Days of Sustained Physical Exertion

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Recent advances in clinical probiotic research for sport

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Monitoring Training Adaptation and Recovery Status in Athletes Using Heart Rate Variability via Mobile Devices: A Narrative Review

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Bioenergetics of Exercising Humans

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Nutrition Update for the Ultraendurance Athlete

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Nutritional Support to Maintain Proper Immune Status during Intense Training

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Altering Endogenous Carbohydrate Availability to Support Training Adaptations

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Nutritional Strategies to Modulate the Adaptive Response to Endurance Training

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Fat Adaptation Science: Low-Carbohydrate, High- Fat Diets to Alter Fuel Utilization and Promote Training Adaptation

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Systematic literature review: The effect of dairy milk on markers of recovery optimisation in response to endurance exercise

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The ergogenic effects of acute carbohydrate feeding on endurance performance: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression

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Carbohydrate and fat oxidation in persons with lower limb amputation during walking with different speeds

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Nutritional Strategies to Support Adaptation to High-Intensity Interval Training in Team Sports

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Sports Nutrition and Performance

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Concordant and divergent strategies to improve postprandial glucose and lipid metabolism

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Changes in Neurotransmission During Exercise

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The Effect of Eight Weeks of Wrestling and Wrestling Technique Based Circuit Trainingon Lymphocyte ABCA1 Gene Expression and Plasma Apolipoprotein A-I

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Weight Management in the Performance Athlete

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Ketogenic Diet and Sport Performance

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Effects of Korean Ginseng and Wild Simulated Cultivation Ginseng for Muscle Strength and Endurance

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Interactions Between Fatty Acid Transport Proteins, Genes That Encode for Them, and Exercise: A Systematic Review

Jayewardene, A. F., Mavros, Y., Anneliese, R., Hancock, D., Gwinn, T., & Rooney, K. B. (2015) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.25281 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Co-ingestion of carbohydrate with leucine-enriched essential amino acids does not augment acute postexercise muscle protein synthesis in a strenuous exercise-induced hypoinsulinemic state

Kato, H., Suzuki, H., Inoue, Y., Takimoto, T., Suzuki, K., & Kobayashi, H. (2016) · SpringerPlus · doi:10.1186/s40064-016-2736-x · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Effects of concurrent training on body composition, metabolic, and inflammatory in postmenopausal women: a meta-analysis

Liu, C., Zhang, Z., Zhang, Y., Kong, H., Zhao, E., & Xie, Y. (2026) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-026-04359-5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Testosterone/cortisol ratio: gender effect and prediction of podium results in beach sprint master rowers

Ficarra, G., Rottura, M., Mannucci, C., Caccamo, D., Bitto, A., Trimarchi, F., & Mauro, D. D. (2024) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2024.1466619 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Sport and Exercise Nutrition

Maughan, R. J. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-375083-9.00253-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Nutrition for sport and exercise

Maughan, R. J. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821848-8.10255-0 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

The acute effect of time-restricted feeding (12 & 16 h) and varying exercise intensities on fat-oxidation rate in inactive young adults – a randomized control trial

Yavelberg, L., Norman, G., & Veronica, J. K. (2024) · BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s13102-024-00959-6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Effect of Capsinoids Supplementation on Fat Oxidation and Muscle Glycogen Restoration During Post-exercise Recovery in Humans

Liao, S.-F., Korivi, M., Tsao, J.-P., Huang, C.-C., Chang, C., & Cheng, I.-S. (2020) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/1381612826666200824104856 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Carbohydrate restriction drives greater perturbations in circulating metabolites than low energy availability in elite male athletes

Dunlop, K. A., Lawler, N. G., Whitfield, J., McKay, A. K. A., Tee, N., ROSS, M. L. R., Reinke, S. N., Hawley, J. A., Broadhurst, D., & Burke, L. M. (2026) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.70752 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Regulation of glucose transport in skeletal muscle during and after exercise

Kawanaka, K. (2012) · The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine · doi:10.7600/jpfsm.1.563 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Carbohydrate Availability and Training Adaptation

Gibala, M. J. (2010) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1097/jes.0b013e3181f4bb2a · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Exercise responses and training during daytime fasting in the month of Ramadan and its impact on training-induced adaptations Author

Damit, N. F., Lim, V. T. W., Muhamed, A. M. C., Chaouachi, A., Chamari, K., Singh, R., Chia, M., & Aziz, A. R. (2014) · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Carbohydrate intake and training efficacy – a randomized cross-over study

Beaudouin, F., Joerg, F., Hilpert, A., Meyer, T., & Hecksteden, A. (2017) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2017.1346276 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Metabolic Adaptations to a High‐Fat Diet

Hawley, J. A., & Yeo, W. K. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118692318.ch13 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Effects of military training on aerobic fitness, serum hormones, oxidative stress and energy balance, with special reference to overreaching

Tanskanen, M. (2012) · Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä) · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Assessing the Recovery of Muscle Fatigue Using Shear Wave Elastography

Cheng, R., Wang, Q., Xu, L., Xu, W., Zheng, Y., Cui, Y., & Cao, Y. (2026) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-026-00991-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Effects of prior muscle glycogen depletion level on metabolic response during endurance exercise

Shiose, K., Tobina, T., Higaki, Y., Kiyonaga, A., & Tanaka, H. (2014) · 体力科學 · doi:10.7600/jspfsm.63.401 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Carbohydrates Requirements for the Female Athlete

Burke, L. M., & Dziedzic, C. E. (2013) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b13743-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Co je nového ve světě sportovní výživy

Kumstát, M. (2016) · Studia sportiva · doi:10.5817/sts2016-2-7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Stoffwechselprinzipien der Ernährung

Stuparits, P., Roth, E., & Wagner, K. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-1591-6_13 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Une nouvelle tendance en nutrition sportive, la périodisation nutritionnelle

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Keto-Adaptation in Health and Fitness

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Fueling Sport Performance: Increasing Awareness in Female Collegiate Vegetarian Athletes

Sofie, R. I. M. (2012) · University Microfilms International eBooks · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Performance and endurance in sport: can it all be explained by metabolism and its manipulation?

Jeukendrup, A. E. (2012) · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Sending the Signal: Muscle Glycogen Availability as a Regulator of Training Adaptation

Hawley, J. A. (2017) · Research and perspectives in endocrine interactions · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-72790-5_4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Physical activity, exercise habits, and body mass index of adults

Dewi, R. C., & Wirjatmadi, B. (2023) · Healthcare in Low-resource Settings · doi:10.4081/hls.2023.11197 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Tapering strategies for elite endurance running performance

Spilsbury, K. L. (2016) · Loughborough University Institutional Repository (Loughborough University) · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Sports Nutrition

Burke, L. M. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119946045.ch43 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Regulation of skeletal muscle glucose transporter 4 expression in fructose-fed exercised rats

Goyaram, V. (2013) · Open University of Cape Town (University of Cape Town)

Muscle glycogen depletion and resynthesis in highly trained male cyclists

Flockhart, M. (2011)

The evolution of sports nutrition and its application to human performance

Brewer, J. (2014) · University of Bedfordshire Repository (University of Bedfordshire)

Multiple Transportable Carbohydrates and Endurance Exercise: Addressing Selected Issues in the Literature

Wilson, P. B. (2014) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)

Nutrient Needs of the Elite Athlete

Rosenbloom, C. (2013) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b15294-28

Nutrition for Endurance Athletes

Lancha, A. H., Lancha, L., de Campos‐Ferraz, P. L., & Ferraz, R. (2015) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b18866-3

Glikojen Depoları , Egzersiz Antrenmanı ve Diyet Etkileşimi

Bulut, S., & Turnagöl, H. (2018) · Spor Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.17644/sbd.357428 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Ultra-endurance athletes’ food choices, nutrition knowledge and strategies to improve dietary intake and performance

Blennerhassett, C. (2018) · Edge Hill University

Topic 2. Training adaptations by timed nutrition: recent knowledge and practical applications for Rio 2016 perspectives

Hawley, J. A. (2015) · INSEP-Éditions eBooks · doi:10.4000/books.insep.1793

Distance Running

Stellingwerff, T. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118692318.ch47

Thème 2. Les adaptations à l’entraînement par la chrononutrition : connaissances récentes et applications pratiques pour les sports olympiques

Hawley, J. A. (2012) · INSEP-Éditions eBooks · doi:10.4000/books.insep.1189

Intake versus output: the evolving role of diet in exercise‐dependent skeletal muscle signalling and bone remodelling

Kucey, A. S., Fahey, C. J., Kirkham, T. M., Engineer, A., & Albers, S. S. (2020) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp279020

Metabolite Patterns of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease In Response To ExercisePreprint

Bellomo, T. R., Tsao, N. L., Johnston‐Cox, H., Borkowski, K., Shakt, G. E., Judy, R., Moore, J. S., Ractcliffe, S. J., Fiehn, O., Mohler, E. R., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.07.24.21261067

Ausdauer

Müller, J., & Bleistein, C. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-23461-3.00017-1

PROMOTING ENDURANCE TRAINING ADAPTATIONS WITH NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS: THE POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF 'LOW CARBOHYDRATE' TRAINING

Drust, B., & Morton, J. P. (2009) · University of Zagreb University Computing Centre (SRCE) · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Sending the Signal: Muscle Glycogen Availability as a Regulator of Training Adaptation

Hawley, J. A. (2017) · Research and perspectives in endocrine interactions · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-72790-5_4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Altering Endogenous Carbohydrate Availability to Support Training Adaptations

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Dietary Manipulation for Optimizing Endurance Training Adaptations and Performance: Carbohydrate vs. Fat

Whitfield, J., & Burke, L. M. (2020) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003123835-19

Carbohydrate availability and exercise training adaptation: Too much of a good thing?

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