Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity in the Context of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
Open accessAbstract
Gluten-free diets are increasingly chosen in the Western world, even in the absence of a diagnosis of celiac disease. Around 10% of people worldwide self-report gluten-related complaints, including intestinal and extra-intestinal symptoms. In most cases, these subjects would be labeled as patients suffering from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) who place themselves on a gluten-free diet even in the absence of celiac disease. In some instances, patients report a clear benefit by avoiding gluten from their diet and/or symptom worsening upon gluten reintroduction. This clinical entity has been termed non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS). The symptoms referred by these patients are both intestinal and extra-intestinal, suggesting that similarly to functional gastrointestinal disorders, NCGS is a disorder of gut–brain interaction. It remains unclear if gluten is the only wheat component involved in NCGS. The mechanisms underlying symptom generation in NCGS remain to be fully clarified, although in the past few years, the research has significantly moved forward with new data linking NCGS to changes in gut motility, permeability and innate immunity. The diagnosis is largely based on the self-reported reaction to gluten by the patient, as there are no available biomarkers, and confirmatory double-blind challenge protocols are unfeasible in daily clinical practice. Some studies suggest that a small proportion of patients with IBS have an intolerance to gluten. However, the benefits of gluten-free or low-gluten diets in non-celiac disease-related conditions are limited, and the long-term consequences of this practice may include nutritional and gut microbiota unbalance. Here, we summarize the role of gluten in the clinical features, pathophysiology, and management of NCGS and disorders of gut–brain interaction.
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- Authors
- Barbaro, M. R., Cremon, C., Wrona, D., Fuschi, D., Marasco, G., Stanghellini, V., & Barbara, G.
- Affiliations
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedliero-Universitaria di Bologna Policlinico di Sant'Orsola (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Barbara, Giovanni
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-12-04
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 3735
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7761787
- OpenAlex
- W3106768465
- Cited by
- 66
- References
- 113
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 7
- FWCI
- 1.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research;University of Bologna; Fondazione del Monte di Bologna e Ravenna;Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Finalizzata GR-2018-12367062)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Celiac Disease Research and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
- Keywords
- non-celiac gluten sensitivity, functional gastrointestinal disorders, irritable bowel syndrome, gluten-free diet, gut-brain axis, intestinal permeability, intestinal motility, innate immunity, biomarkers, gut microbiota, nutrient effects
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Celiac Disease, Female, Gastrointestinal Diseases, Gastrointestinal Motility, Glutens, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Male, Wheat Hypersensitivity, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Diet, Gluten-Free
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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