The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Effects of a Nutrition Education Intervention on Sports Nutrition Knowledge during a Competitive Season in Highly Trained Adolescent Swimmers
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a seven-week nutrition education intervention on the sports nutrition knowledge (SNK) of highly trained UK adolescent swimmers. Fifteen national and international adolescent swimmers (males = 5; females = 10, 15.5 ± 1.1 years, 170.2 ± 7.5 cm, 60.3 ± 5.7 kg) participated in the study during seven consecutive weeks of the competitive swimming season. The participants received 30 min of nutrition education once per week in a classroom-based setting after they had completed their regular swim training. An undergraduate sports nutrition student delivered all nutrition education sessions and SNK questionnaires were administered to the participants pre- and post-intervention. The mean total SNK score improved by 8.3% (SD = 8.4%, 95% CI = 4.1–12.6; p = 0.006; ES = 1.0) following the nutrition education sessions. On an individual basis, ten swimmers significantly improved their total SNK score, whereas four swimmers did not improve, and one swimmer performed significantly worse after the intervention. Moreover, the swimmers’ knowledge of hydration improved by 22.2% (SD = 20.6%, 95% CI = 11.8–32.6, p = 0.004, ES = 1.1) over the seven-week timeframe, which was the only nutrition topic to have a significantly increased knowledge score. The current study therefore suggests that a nutrition education intervention can positively influence the SNK of highly trained adolescent swimmers.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Two studies(31,41) reported using a previously validated questionnaire, but when cross-checked with the cited article(57) from which the questionnaire was used, it was found that the tool had not been validated, and the lack of reliability and validity testing was declared as a limitation of the study.”
From Adolescent athletes have better general than sports nutrition knowledge and lack awareness of supplement recommendations: a systematic literature review (2024) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“Subsection scores were reported in two studies(31,57), which both indicated the lowest scoring section to be ‘protein’ and the highest ‘energy/refuelling’.”
From Adolescent athletes have better general than sports nutrition knowledge and lack awareness of supplement recommendations: a systematic literature review (2024) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“Three studies used this questionnaire, including the author of the questionnaire(31,41,57).”
From Adolescent athletes have better general than sports nutrition knowledge and lack awareness of supplement recommendations: a systematic literature review (2024) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“The results showed a range of mean % correct scores from 45·6 %(41) to 68·3 %(31).”
From Adolescent athletes have better general than sports nutrition knowledge and lack awareness of supplement recommendations: a systematic literature review (2024) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“Moreover, research in adolescent athletes suggests that mean nutrition knowledge ranges between 43.8 ± 11.4% and 48.85 ± 12.7% [129,137,138], which is lower than that of their elder counterparts (overall NK% = 55.1 ± 10.7%) [132], therefore highlighting the importance of increasing the level of nutritional knowledge in adolescent athletes to support maturation, recovery, and injury risk.”
From Sleep, Nutrition, and Injury Risk in Adolescent Athletes: A Narrative Review (2023) · cites this paper as [138]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.55.1.68 · Cited by 54,599
The New Statistics: Why and How
Cumming, G. (2014) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613504966 · Cited by 3,200
A Review of Factors Influencing Athletes’ Food Choices
Birkenhead, K. L., & Slater, G. (2015) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0372-1 · Cited by 240
Ovarian Suppression Impairs Sport Performance in Junior Elite Female Swimmers
VanHeest, J. L., Rodgers, C. D., Mahoney, C. E., & De Souza, M. J. (2014) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3182a32b72 · Cited by 203
Heikkilä, M., Lehtovirta, M., Autio, O., Fogelholm, M., & Valve, R. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11092249 · Cited by 58 · cited 3×
“Alternatively, it might have been the use of technology that increased the adherence to the program, as previous research has shown that an adherence rate above 80% is possible with the inclusion of mobile phone applications [19].”
BackgroundResult
Research works printed but not linked: 24
- Sawyer, 2012, Adolescence: A Foundation for Future Health, Lancet Lond. Engl., 379, 1630, 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60072-5 · DOI · Paper page
- Desbrow, 2014, Sports Dietitians Australia Position Statement: Sports Nutrition for the Adolescent Athlete, Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 24, 570, 10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0031 · DOI · Paper page
- Shaw, 2014, Nutrition for Swimming, Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 24, 360, 10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0015 · DOI · Paper page
- Costill, 1988, Effects of Repeated Days of Intensified Training on Muscle Glycogen and Swimming Performance, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 20, 249, 10.1249/00005768-198806000-00006 · DOI · Paper page
- Matsuda, T., Kato, H., Suzuki, H., Mizugaki, A., Ezaki, T., and Ogita, F. (2018). Within-Day Amino Acid Intakes and Nitrogen Balance in Male Collegiate Swimmers during the General Preparation Phase. Nutrients, 10. · DOI
- Sato, 2011, Dietary Thiamin and Riboflavin Intake and Blood Thiamin and Riboflavin Concentrations in College Swimmers Undergoing Intensive Training, Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 21, 195, 10.1123/ijsnem.21.3.195 · DOI
- Rosa, 2012, Evidence of Zinc Deficiency in Competitive Swimmers, Nutrition, 28, 1127, 10.1016/j.nut.2012.02.012 · DOI
- Hawley, 1991, Dietary Intakes of Age-Group Swimmers, Br. J. Sports Med., 25, 154, 10.1136/bjsm.25.3.154 · DOI
- Kabasakalis, 2007, Imbalanced Nutrition of Top-Level Swimmers, Int. J. Sports Med., 28, 780, 10.1055/s-2007-964907 · DOI
- Heaney, 2011, Nutrition Knowledge in Athletes: A Systematic Review, Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 21, 248, 10.1123/ijsnem.21.3.248 · DOI · Paper page
- Guinard, 1995, Sensory Acceptability of Meat and Dairy Products and Dietary Fat in Male Collegiate Swimmers, Int. J. Sport Nutr., 5, 315, 10.1123/ijsn.5.4.315 · DOI
- Hoogenboom, 2009, Nutritional Knowledge and Eating Behaviors of Female, Collegiate Swimmers, N. Am. J. Sports Phys. Ther. NAJSPT, 4, 139
- Webb, 2014, Nutritional Knowledge and Attitudes of Adolescent Swimmers in Trinidad and Tobago, J. Nutr. Metab., 2014, 506434, 10.1155/2014/506434 · DOI
- Chapman, 1997, Nutrition Knowledge among Adolescent High School Female Athletes, Adolescence, 32, 437
- Daniel, 2016, Impact of an Interdisciplinary Food, Nutrition and Health Education Program for Adolescent Brazilian Volleyball Players, Rev. Nutr., 29, 567, 10.1590/1678-98652016000400011 · DOI
- Davy, 2011, Development and Evaluation of an Educational Intervention Program for Pre-Professional Adolescent Ballet Dancers: Nutrition for Optimal Performance, J. Dance Med. Sci. Off. Publ. Int. Assoc. Dance Med. Sci., 15, 65
- Patton-Lopez, M.M., Manore, M.M., Branscum, A., Meng, Y., and Wong, S.S. (2018). Changes in Sport Nutrition Knowledge, Attitudes/Beliefs and Behaviors Following a Two-Year Sport Nutrition Education and Life-Skills Intervention among High School Soccer Players. Nutrients, 10. · DOI · Paper page
- Philippou, 2017, The Impact of Nutrition Education on Nutrition Knowledge and Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Adolescent Competitive Swimmers, J. Sci. Med. Sport, 20, 328, 10.1016/j.jsams.2016.08.023 · DOI · Paper page
- Walsh, 2011, The Body Composition, Nutritional Knowledge, Attitudes, Behaviors, and Future Education Needs of Senior Schoolboy Rugby Players in Ireland, Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 21, 365, 10.1123/ijsnem.21.5.365 · DOI · Paper page
- Wong, 2018, WAVE Project: Sport Nutrition Education Resources, J. Youth Dev., 13, 275, 10.5195/jyd.2018.663 · DOI
- Dankel, 2021, Effect Sizes for Paired Data Should Use the Change Score Variability rather than the Pre-Test Variability, J. Strength Cond. Res., 35, 1773, 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002946 · DOI
- Cohen, 1992, A Power Primer, Psychol. Bull., 112, 155, 10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155 · DOI · Paper page
- Reading, 1999, Adolescent and Young Adult Male Hockey Players: Nutrition Knowledge and Education, Can. J. Diet. Pract. Res., 60, 166
- Rossi, 2017, The Effects of a Sports Nutrition Education Intervention on Nutritional Status, Sport Nutrition Knowledge, Body Composition, and Performance during Off Season, J. Sports Sci. Med., 16, 60
Cited by
Sleep, Nutrition, and Injury Risk in Adolescent Athletes: A Narrative Review
Mason, L., Connolly, J., Devenney, L. E., Lacey, K., O’Donovan, J., & Doherty, R. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15245101 · Cited by 50
Hulland, S. C., Trakman, G. L., & Alcock, R. D. (2024) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114523002799 · Cited by 34
Vicente, F., Anastácio, L., Monteiro, A., Brito, J., Ramalho, R., & Pereira, P. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17152404 · Cited by 10
Bielec, G., & Goździejewska, A. M. (2026) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app16157418 · Cited by 2
Veloso-Pulgar, M., & Farran-Codina, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2026.1821345 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Foo, W. L., Faghy, M. A., Sparks, A., Newbury, J. W., & Gough, L. A.
- Affiliations
- Research Centre for Life and Sport Science (CLaSS), School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B9 3TN, UK
- Human Sciences Research Centre, University of Derby, Derby DE1 1GB, UK
- Sports Nutrition and Performance Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk L39 4QP, UK
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-08-06
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 2713
- ISSN
- 2072-6643
- Cited by
- 41
- References
- 5
- Language
- en
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
