Ovarian Suppression Impairs Sport Performance in Junior Elite Female Swimmers

VanHeest, Jaci L.; Rodgers, Carol D.; Mahoney, Carrie E.; De Souza, Mary Jane

doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3182a32b72

Cited by 203Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormonesSports Performance and TrainingOvarian function and disorders

Ovarian Suppression Impairs Sport Performance in Junior Elite Female Swimmers

VanHeest, Jaci L., Rodgers, Carol D., Mahoney, Carrie E., De Souza, Mary Jane·2014·Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise

DOI 10.1249/mss.0b013e3182a32b72

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Abstract

Introduction Competitive female athletes restrict energy intake and increase exercise energy expenditure frequently resulting in ovarian suppression. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of ovarian suppression and energy deficit on swimming performance (400-m swim velocity). Methods Menstrual status was determined by circulating estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) in ten junior elite female swimmers (15-17 yr). The athletes were categorized as cyclic (CYC) or ovarian-suppressed (OVS). They were evaluated every 2 wk for metabolic hormones, bioenergetic parameters, and sport performance during the 12-wk season. Results CYC and OVS athletes were similar (P > 0.05) in age (CYC = 16.2 ± 1.8 yr, OVS = 17 ± 1.7 yr), body mass index (CYC = 21 ± 0.4 kg·m, OVS = 25 ± 0.8 kg·m), and gynecological age (CYC = 2.6 ± 1.1 yr, OVS = 2.8 ± 1.5 yr). OVS had suppressed P4 (P Conclusions Ovarian steroids (P4 and E2), metabolic hormones (TT3 and IGF-1), and energy status markers (EA and EI) were highly correlated with sport performance. This study illustrates that when exercise training occurs in the presence of ovarian suppression with evidence for energy conservation (i.e., reduced TT3), it is associated with poor sport performance. These data from junior elite female athletes support the need for dietary periodization to help optimize energy intake for appropriate training adaptation and maximal sport performance.

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There are few prospective or cohort studies in which groups of athletes with and without signs of LEA have been monitored longitudinally to note changes in health and performance.
“It is noted that there are few prospective or cohort studies in which groups of athletes with and without signs of LEA have been monitored longitudinally to note changes in health and performance.168 169”
From 2023 international olympic committee's (IOC) consensus statement on relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs) (2023) · cites this paper as [168]

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Authors: VanHeest, J. L., Rodgers, C. D., Mahoney, C. E., & De Souza, M. J.
Affiliations: Pennsylvania State University (US)
University of Saskatchewan (CA)
Corresponding author: VanHeest, Jaci L.
ORCID: Mahoney, Carrie E.
Venue: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2014-01
Volume: 46
Issue: 1
Pages: 156-166
ISSN: 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3182a32b72
OpenAlex: W2044791838
Cited by: 203
References: 39
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 1
FWCI: 10.06
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian function and disorders
Keywords: ovarian suppression, female athletes, negative energy balance, energy availability, swimming performance, estradiol, progesterone, triiodothyronine, insulin-like growth factor I, menstrual cycle, energy intake, athletic performance, metabolic hormones, training effects, eating disorders in athletes, female athlete triad
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Energy Intake, Energy Metabolism, Estradiol, Female, Humans, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I, Menstrual Cycle, Progesterone, Swimming, Triiodothyronine, Primary Ovarian Insufficiency, Athletic Performance

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Ovarian Suppression Impairs Sport Performance in Junior Elite Female Swimmers

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