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Cited by 40Nutrition, Health and Food BehaviorEating Disorders and BehaviorsDietetics, Nutrition, and Education

Effects of a 16-week digital intervention on sports nutrition knowledge and behavior in female endurance athletes with risk of relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs)

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Fahrenholtz, Ida L., Melin, Anna K., Garthe, Ina, Hollekim-Strand, Siri Marte, Ivarsson, Andreas, Koehler, Karsten, Logue, Danielle, Lundström, Petra +3 more·2023·Nutrients
DOI 10.3390/nu15051082PMC PMC10005555
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Abstract

Female endurance athletes are considered a high-risk group for developing Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs). Due to the lack of educational and behavioral intervention studies, targeting and evaluating the effects of the practical daily management of REDs, we developed the Food and nUtrition for Endurance athletes—a Learning (FUEL) program, consisting of 16 weekly online lectures and individual athlete-centered nutrition counseling every other week. We recruited female endurance athletes from Norway (n = 60), Sweden (n = 84), Ireland (n = 17), and Germany (n = 47). Fifty athletes with symptoms of REDs and with low risk of eating disorders, with no use of hormonal contraceptives and no chronic diseases, were allocated to either the FUEL intervention (n = 32) (FUEL) or a 16-week control period (n = 18) (CON). All but one completed FUEL, while 15 completed CON. We found strong evidence for improvements in sports nutrition knowledge, assessed via interviews, and moderate to strong evidence in the ratings concerning self-perceived sports nutrition knowledge in FUEL versus CON. Analyses of the seven-day prospective weighed food record and questions related to sports nutrition habits, suggested weak evidence for improvements in FUEL versus CON. The FUEL intervention improved sports nutrition knowledge and suggested weak evidence for improved sports nutrition behavior in female endurance athletes with symptoms of REDs.

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  • Short-term education programmes have been shown to improve nutritional knowledge and reduce signs of dieting and body image concerns in female and male athletes.

    “Short-term education programmes, using various delivery methods and focusing on factors associated with EDs, DE behaviours, and REDs have been shown to improve nutritional knowledge and reduce signs of dieting and body image concerns in female and male athletes.70 152-158”

    From 2023 international olympic committee's (IOC) consensus statement on relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs) (2023) · cites this paper as [155]

    The Discussion (page unavailable) reports improved nutrition knowledge after the 16-week intervention in female endurance athletes and cites an earlier short-term education study involving male and female athletes that also improved knowledge. The cited paper does not report that these programmes reduced signs of dieting or body-image concerns; its Methods (page unavailable) describe eating-disorder screening for eligibility, not an improvement in those outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.86)

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References 74 · Cited by 40

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Authors
Fahrenholtz, I. L., Melin, A. K., Garthe, I., Hollekim-Strand, S. M., Ivarsson, A., Koehler, K., Logue, D., Lundström, P., Madigan, S., Wasserfurth, P., & Torstveit, M. K.
Affiliations
  • University of Agder (NO)
  • Linnaeus University (SE)
  • The Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sport, 0854 Oslo, Norway
  • Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
  • Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, 4630 Kristiansand, Norway
  • Technical University of Munich (DE)
  • Sport Ireland Institute (IE)
  • Karolinska Institutet (SE)
Corresponding author
Fahrenholtz, Ida L.
ORCID
Venue
Nutrients
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2023-02-21
Volume
15
Issue
5
Pages
1082
ISSN
2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/nu15051082
PMC
PMC10005555
OpenAlex
W4321498382
Cited by
40
References
74
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8
FWCI
7.02
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Digitala vetenskapliga arkivet (Diva) (Karlstad University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • DiVA (Linnaeus University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Ulster University Research Portal (Ulster University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion)
  • mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
  • University of Agder in Norway
  • Norwegian Olympic Sports Center
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › Health Information Management › Dietetics, Nutrition, and Education
Keywords
relative energy deficiency in sport, female endurance athletes, sports nutrition knowledge, digital interventions, online nutrition education, eating disorder risk, dietary intake
MeSH terms
Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport, Female, Humans, Prospective Studies, Sports, Athletes, Sports Nutritional Sciences

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