Assessment of the effect of high or low protein diet on the human urine metabolome as measured by NMR
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The objective of this study was to identify urinary metabolite profiles that discriminate between high and low intake of dietary protein during a dietary intervention. Seventy-seven overweight, non-diabetic subjects followed an 8-week low-calorie diet (LCD) and were then randomly assigned to a high (HP) or low (LP) protein diet for 6 months. Twenty-four hours urine samples were collected at baseline (prior to the 8-week LCD) and after dietary intervention; at months 1, 3 and 6, respectively. Metabolite profiling was performed by (1)H NMR and chemometrics. Using partial least squares regression (PLS), it was possible to develop excellent prediction models for urinary nitrogen (root mean square error of cross validation (RMSECV) = 1.63 mmol/L; r = 0.89) and urinary creatinine (RMSECV = 0.66 mmol/L; r = 0.98). The obtained high correlations firmly establish the validity of the metabolomic approach since urinary nitrogen is a well established biomarker for daily protein consumption. The models showed that trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) is correlated to urinary nitrogen. Furthermore, urinary creatine was found to be increased by the HP diet whereas citric acid was increased by the LP diet. Despite large variations in individual dietary intake, differentiated metabolite profiles were observed at the dietary group-level.
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The amount of protein in the diet has a high positive correlation with TMAO excreted in urine.
“The amount of protein in the diet seems to have a high positive correlation with TMAO excreted in urine [40].”
From Implication of Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) in Disease: Potential Biomarker or New Therapeutic Target (2018) · cites this paper as [40]
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- Authors
- Rasmussen, L. G., Winning, H., Savorani, F., Toft, H., Larsen, T. M., Dragsted, L. O., Astrup, A., & Engelsen, S. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- University College Capital (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Engelsen, Søren B.
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2012-02-20
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 112-131
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3296994
- OpenAlex
- W2040668607
- Cited by
- 81
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 4.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PORTO@Iris (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministeriet for Fø devarer, Landbrug og Fiskeri
- Novo Nordisk
- FP7 Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, Biotechnology (266331)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Nutrition, Genetics, and Disease
- Keywords
- protein intake, high-protein diet, low-protein diet, urinary metabolome, urinary nitrogen, urinary creatinine, trimethylamine N-oxide, urinary creatine, citric acid, metabolite profiling, overweight adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Creatinine, Dietary Proteins, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nitrogen, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Obesity, Urine, Diet, Protein-Restricted, Citric Acid, Metabolomics
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