Validation of dietary assessment methods in the UK arm of EPIC using weighed records, and 24-hour urinary nitrogen and potassium and serum vitamin C and carotenoids as biomarkers
Abstract
BACKGROUND: In the UK EPIC validation studies, the accuracy of several methods was assessed by comparison with to-day weighed records and the biomarkers, 24-hour urine nitrogen (N) and potassium (K), plasma carotenoids and plasma vitamin C. METHODS: Comparisons between methods were made on 156 women, studied over 1 year at 3-monthly intervals at home. On each of four occasions, volunteers completed 4 days of weighed records and provided two 24-hour urine collections and a fasting blood sample. RESULTS: In comparison with the 16 days of weighed records, a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) yielded higher values mainly due to greater reported consumption of milk and of vegetables. A 24-hour recall was as good as the FFQ in placing individuals in the distribution of habitual diet from weighed records. Results obtained from a 7-day estimated record were closest to those obtained from the weighed record. Correlations between 24-hour urine excretion and dietary N intake from weighed records were high (0.78-0.87) as were those with estimated food diaries (0.60-0.70). Correlations between urine N and the FFQ and 24-hour recall were lower (0.10 to 0.27), but improved by energy adjustment using residuals for N and K which are correlated with total energy intake. Comparisons between dietary estimates and urinary K and serum carotenoids and vitamin C showed broadly similar results. Limited biomarker information amongst 200 UK EPIC participants supported the findings of the validation study. CONCLUSIONS: UK EPIC uses three methods (the 7-day diary, an improved FFQ, and the 24-hour recall) to assess diet. 93% of first food diaries are returned completed by participants. Repeated diaries are the main dietary assessment method for nested case-control analyses.
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Dietary intakes were assessed using 5-day estimated diet diaries, which have taken over from weighed assessments as the gold standard for dietary assessment since they provide similar energy intakes.
“Dietary intakes were assessed using 5-day estimated diet diaries, which have taken over from the now rarely performed weighed assessments as the gold standard for dietary assessment 33, since they provide similar energy intakes 34.”
From Irregular consumption of energy intake in meals is associated with a higher cardiometabolic risk in adults of a British birth cohort (2014) · cites this paper as [34]
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- Authors
- Bingham, S.
- Corresponding author
- Bingham, S.
- Venue
- International Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1997-02-01
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 90001
- Pages
- 137S-151
- ISSN
- 0300-5771 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-3685
- OpenAlex
- W2104644780
- Cited by
- 634
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 10.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Keywords
- dietary assessment validation, urinary potassium, plasma carotenoids, serum vitamin C, food frequency questionnaire, 24-hour dietary recall, energy adjustment, EPIC cohort, women's diet
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Ascorbic Acid, Carotenoids, Diet, Diet Surveys, Epidemiologic Methods, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Middle Aged, Nitrogen, Potassium, Surveys and Questionnaires, Mental Recall, Reproducibility of Results, Cohort Studies, Biomarkers
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