A High Fiber Cookie Made with Resistant Starch Type 4 Reduces Post-Prandial Glucose and Insulin Responses in Healthy Adults
Open accessAbstract
Distarch phosphate is a resistant starch type 4 (RS4) containing phosphodiester cross-links within and between starch molecules. This study examined the glycemic effects of VERSAFIBE 1490™ resistant starch, a distarch phosphate derived from potato, containing 90% total dietary fiber (TDF, AOAC 991.43 method). In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study, 28 healthy adults consumed a cookie containing 24 g fiber from distarch phosphate (fiber cookie) or a control cookie containing 0.5 g fiber that was matched for fat, protein, and total carbohydrate content. Intravenous blood glucose, intravenous blood insulin, and capillary glucose were measured for two hours after cookie consumption. The fiber cookie reduced the post-prandial blood glucose incremental area under the curve from 0 to 120 minutes (iAUC0-120min) by 44% (p = 0.004) and reduced the maximum glucose concentration (Cmax0-120min) by 8% (p = 0.001) versus the control cookie. Consumption of the fiber cookie resulted in a significant 46% reduction of the post-prandial serum insulin iAUC0-120min (p < 0.001) and a 23% reduction in Cmax0-120min (p = 0.007) versus the control cookie. This study shows that distarch phosphate RS4 can be incorporated into a cookie and significantly reduce post-prandial glucose and insulin responses in healthy adults.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In people without diabetes, RS-enriched foods and household approaches such as cooling and reheating cooked starches are often associated with smaller postprandial glucose and insulin responses, although the magnitude depends on food matrix, amylose content, cooling duration, and number of heating-cooling cycles.
“In people without diabetes, RS-enriched foods and household approaches such as cooling and reheating cooked starches are often associated with smaller postprandial glucose and insulin responses, although the magnitude of the effect depends on the food matrix, amylose content, cooling duration, and number of heating–cooling cycles [13,14,15,16].”
From Does Resistant Starch Formed by Cooling Pasta Decrease the Postprandial Glycemic Response in Type 1 Diabetes? A Randomized Single-Blind Crossover Study (2026) · cites this paper as [13]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet
References 18 · Cited by 56
Research works printed but not linked: 18
- [1]Birt D.F. Boylston T. Hendrich S. Jane J.L. Hollis J. Li L. McClelland J. Moore S. Phillips G.J. Rowling M. Resistant starch: Promise for improving human health Adv. Nutr. 2013 4 587 601 10.3945/an.113.004325 24228189 PMC3823506 · DOI
- [2]Maningat C.C. Seib P.A. Rs4-Type Resistant Starch: Chemistry, Functionality and Health Benefits Resistant Starch: Sources, Applications and Health Benefits Shi Y.C. Maningat C.C. John Wiley & Sons Hoboken, NJ, USA 2013 43 77
- [3]Shen D. Bai H. Li Z. Yu Y. Zhang H. Chen L. Positive effects of resistant starch supplementation on bowel function in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 2017 68 149 157 10.1080/09637486.2016.1226275 27593182 · DOI
- [4]Bindels L.B. Walter J. Ramer-Tait A.E. Resistant starches for the management of metabolic diseases Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 2015 18 559 565 10.1097/MCO.0000000000000223 26406392 PMC4612508 · DOI
- [5]Heijnen M.-L.A. Beynen A.C. Consumption of retrograded (rs3) but not uncooked (rs2) resistant starch shifts nitrogen excretion from urine to feces in cannulated piglets J. Nutr. 1997 127 1828 1832 9278567
- [6]Martínez I. Kim J.H. Duffy P.R. Schlegel V.L. Walter J. Resistant starches types 2 and 4 have differential effects on the composition of the fecal microbiota in human subjects PLoS ONE 2010 5 e15046 10.1371/journal.pone.0015046 21151493 PMC2993935 · DOI · Paper page
- [8]Woo K.S. Seib P.A. Cross-linked resistant starch: Preparation and properties Cereal Chem. 2002 79 819 825 10.1094/CCHEM.2002.79.6.819 · DOI
- [9]Sang Y.J. Seib P.A. Herrera A.I. Prakash O. Shi Y.-C. Effects of alkaline treatment on the structure of phosphorylated wheat starch and its digestibility Food Chem. 2010 118 323 327 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.04.121 · DOI
- [10]Al-Tamimi E.K. Seib P.A. Snyder B.S. Haub M.D. Consumption of cross-linked resistant starch (rs4(xl)) on glucose and insulin responses in humans J. Nutr. Metab. 2010 10.1155/2010/651063 20798767 PMC2925102 · DOI
- [11]Haub M.D. Hubach K.L. Al-Tamimi E.K. Ornelas S. Seib P.A. Different types of resistant starch elicit different glucose reponses in humans J. Nutr. Metab. 2010 10.1155/2010/230501 20700404 PMC2911581 · DOI · Paper page
- [12]Nichenametla S.N. Weidauer L.A. Wey H.E. Beare T.M. Specker B.L. Dey M. Resistant starch type 4-enriched diet lowered blood cholesterols and improved body composition in a double blind controlled cross-over intervention Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2014 58 1365 1369 10.1002/mnfr.201300829 24478107 PMC4048643 · DOI
- [13]Upadhyaya B. McCormack L. Fardin-Kia A.R. Juenemann R. Nichenametla S. Clapper J. Specker B. Dey M. Impact of dietary resistant starch type 4 on human gut microbiota and immunometabolic functions Sci. Rep. 2016 6 28797 10.1038/srep28797 27356770 PMC4928084 · DOI
- [14]Haub M.D. Louk J.A. Lopez T.C. Novel resistant potato starches on glycemia and satiety in humans J. Nutr. Metab. 2012 2012 478043 10.1155/2012/478043 22655177 PMC3359707 · DOI
- [15]Wolever T.M. Vorster H.H. Bjorck I. Brand-Miller J. Brighenti F. Mann J.I. Ramdath D.D. Granfeldt Y. Holt S. Perry T.L. Determination of the glycaemic index of foods: Interlaboratory study Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2003 57 475 482 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601551 12627186 · DOI
- [16]Wolever T.M. Effect of blood sampling schedule and method of calculating the area under the curve on validity and precision of glycaemic index values Br. J. Nutr. 2004 91 295 301 10.1079/BJN20031054 14756916 · DOI
- [17]Cnaan A. Laird N.M. Slasor P. Using the general linear mixed model to analyse unbalanced repeated measures and longitudinal data Stat. Med. 1997 16 2349 2380 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19971030)16:20<2349::AID-SIM667>3.0.CO;2-E 9351170 · DOI
- [19]Medicine I.O. Dietary, Functional, and Total Fiber Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids National Academies Press Washington, DC, USA 2005 339 421
- [20]Janzen J.G. Digestibility of starch and phosphate starches by pancreatin Starke 1969 21 231 235 10.1002/star.19690210904 · DOI
- Authors
- Stewart, M., & Zimmer, J.
- Affiliations
- Ingredion (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Stewart, Maria
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2017-03-05
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 237
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5372900
- OpenAlex
- W2593292541
- Cited by
- 56
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 7
- FWCI
- 5.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Microbial Metabolites in Food Biotechnology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Natural Antidiabetic Agents Studies
- Keywords
- resistant starch type 4, dietary fiber, postprandial blood glucose, postprandial insulin, glycemic response, potato starch, blood glucose, blood insulin
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Blood Glucose, Diet, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Fats, Dietary Fiber, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Insulin, Male, Middle Aged, Starch, Body Mass Index, Cross-Over Studies, Postprandial Period, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
