Impact of Frequency of Multi-Vitamin/Multi-Mineral Supplement Intake on Nutritional Adequacy and Nutrient Deficiencies in U.S. Adults
Open accessAbstract
Although >50% of U.S. adults use dietary supplements, little information is available on the impact of supplement use frequency on nutrient intakes and deficiencies. Based on nationally representative data in 10,698 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) 2009 to 2012, assessments were made of intakes from food alone versus food plus multi-vitamin/multi-mineral supplements (MVMS) of 17 nutrients with an Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and a Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL), and of the status of five nutrients with recognized biomarkers of deficiency. Compared to food alone, MVMS use at any frequency was associated with a lower prevalence of inadequacy (p < 0.01) for 15/17 nutrients examined and an increased prevalence of intakes >UL for 7 nutrients, but the latter was ≤4% for any nutrient. Except for calcium, magnesium, and vitamin D, most frequent MVMS use (≥21 days/30 days) virtually eliminated inadequacies of the nutrients examined, and was associated with significantly lower odds ratios of deficiency for the examined nutrient biomarkers except for iron. In conclusion, among U.S. adults, MVMS use is associated with decreased micronutrient inadequacies, intakes slightly exceeding the UL for a few nutrients, and a lower risk of nutrient deficiencies.
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In adults, dietary supplementation with a complete multivitamin has been associated with a reduced risk of micronutrient deficiency, particularly for those with obesity.
“In adults, dietary supplementation with a complete multivitamin has been associated with a reduced risk of micronutrient deficiency, particularly for those with obesity [87,88].”
From Nutritional considerations with antiobesity medications (2024) · cites this paper as [88]
The Discussion and Conclusions report that multivitamin/multimineral supplement use was associated with a lower risk of deficiencies in vitamins B6, B12, C, and D among U.S. adults. The paper does not report a finding specific to adults with obesity, so it does not support the claim that the association is particularly strong for them. Its Methods define the supplements by their nutrient content, rather than as a 'complete multivitamin.' (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Blumberg, J., Frei, B., Fulgoni, V., Weaver, C., & Zeisel, S.
- Affiliations
- Tufts University (US)
- Oregon State University (US)
- Nutrition Impact, LLC, Battle Creek, MI 49014, USA
- Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
- Nutrition Research Institute, Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
- Corresponding author
- Blumberg, Jeffrey
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2017-08-09
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 849
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5579642
- OpenAlex
- W2745174215
- Cited by
- 99
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 10.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- Campaign for Essential Nutrients (Bayer, DSM, Pharmavite) (N/A)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Consumer Attitudes and Food Labeling
- Keywords
- supplement use frequency, nutritional adequacy, nutritional deficiency, micronutrient intake, dietary supplements, tolerable upper intake level, iron deficiency, calcium, magnesium, vitamin D, adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Avitaminosis, Female, Humans, Male, Minerals, Nutrition Surveys, Nutritional Status, United States, Vitamins, Micronutrients, Dietary Supplements, Young Adult
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