Trends in dietary supplement use among US adults from 1999-2012.
Open accessAbstract
Importance: Dietary supplements are commonly used by US adults; yet, little is known about recent trends in supplement use. Objective: To report trends in dietary supplement use among US adults. Design, Setting, and Participants: Serial cross-sectional study using nationally representative data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) collected between 1999 and 2012. Participants include noninstitutionalized adults residing in the United States, surveyed over 7 continuous 2-year cycles (sample size per cycle, 4863 to 6213). Exposures: Calendar time, as represented by NHANES cycle. Main Outcomes and Measures: In an in-home interview, participants were queried on use of supplements in the preceding 30 days to estimate the prevalence of use within each NHANES cycle, and trends were evaluated across cycles. Outcomes included use of any supplements; use of multivitamins/multiminerals (MVMM; defined as a product containing ≥10 vitamins and/or minerals); and use of individual vitamins, minerals, and nonvitamin, nonmineral supplements. Data were analyzed overall and by population subgroup (including age, sex, race/ethnicity, and educational status), and were weighted to be nationally representative. Results: A total of 37 958 adults were included in the study (weighted mean age, 46.4 years; women, 52.0% ), with an overall response rate of 74%. Overall, the use of supplements remained stable between 1999 and 2012, with 52% of US adults reporting use of any supplements in 2011-2012 (P for trend = .19). This trend varied by population subgroup. Use of MVMM decreased, with 37% reporting use of MVMM in 1999-2000 and 31% reporting use in 2011-2012 (difference, -5.7% [95% CI, -8.6% to -2.7%], P for trend < .001). Vitamin D supplementation from sources other than MVMM increased from 5.1% to 19% (difference, 14% [95% CI, 12% to 17%], P for trend < .001) and use of fish oil supplements increased from 1.3% to 12% (difference, 11% [95% CI, 9.1% to 12%], P for trend < .001) over the study period, whereas use of a number of other supplements decreased. Conclusions and Relevance: Among adults in the United States, overall use of dietary supplements remained stable from 1999-2012, use of MVMM decreased, and trends in use of individual supplements varied and were heterogeneous by population subgroups.
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Over-the-counter use of low-dose omega-3 fatty acids is widespread.
“Despite these findings, over-the-counter use of low-dose omega-3 fatty acids is widespread. 21,22”
From Effect of High-Dose Omega-3 Fatty Acids vs Corn Oil on Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Patients at High Cardiovascular Risk (2020) · cites this paper as [22]
The Results report that 13% of US adults used omega-3 supplements in 2011–2012, making them the most commonly used nonvitamin, nonmineral supplement. The Methods say the survey included both prescription and non-prescription supplements; the cited passages do not establish that the omega-3 products were over-the-counter or low-dose. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredYoung, healthy women may have a significantly increased resting augmentation index compared to men.
“Previous data have demonstrated that young, healthy women may have a significantly increased resting AIx when compared to men.13–15”
From The Effects of Caffeine and Resistance Exercise on Pulse Wave Reflection in Resistance-Trained Women (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
The Results section compares women and men only in dietary supplement use, not resting augmentation index. Searches for “resting augmentation index,” “AIx,” and arterial stiffness found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed sex difference. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOM-3 dietary supplements are widely available and popular among consumers.
“OM-3 dietary supplements are widely available and popular among consumers [42, 56].”
From Critical Differences Between Dietary Supplement and Prescription Omega-3 Fatty Acids: A Narrative Review (2020) · cites this paper as [42]
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- Authors
- Kantor, E. D., Rehm, C. D., Du, M., White, E., & Giovannucci, E. L.
- Affiliations
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (US)
- Montefiore Medical Center (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kantor, Elizabeth D.
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2016-10-11
- Volume
- 316
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 1464
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- PMC
- PMC5540241
- OpenAlex
- W2531708927
- Cited by
- 644
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 77 · 2021: 84 · 2020: 79 · 2019: 83 · 2018: 71 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 65.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
- National Institutes of Health
- National Cancer Institute (K05CA154337, P30CA008748)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Consumer Attitudes and Food Labeling
- Keywords
- supplement use, supplement use trends, vitamin D supplementation, fish oil supplements, omega-3 fatty acids, dietary fiber supplements, dietary fiber intake, United States adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Black or African American, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Male, Phytotherapy, Middle Aged, Minerals, Nutrition Surveys, United States, Vitamins, Age Distribution, Dietary Supplements, Black People
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