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The Elusive Trypanosoma cruzi Disperse Gene Protein Family (DGF-1)
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi infections, is included in the group of neglected diseases, and efforts to develop new therapeutic or immunoprevention approaches have not been successful. After the publication of the T. cruzi genome, the number of molecular and biochemical studies on this parasite has increased considerably, many of which are focused on families of variant surface proteins, especially trans-sialidases, mucins, and mucin-associated proteins. The disperse gene protein 1 family (DGF-1) is one of the most abundant families in the T. cruzi genome; however, the large gene size, high copy numbers, and low antibody titers detected in infected humans make it an unattractive study target. However, here we argue that given the ubiquitous presence in all T. cruzi species, and physicochemical characteristics, the DGF-1 gene family may play and important role in host-parasite interactions.
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![Figure 1 Schematic representation of T. cruzi’s DGF-1.2 protein in the cell membrane. Cell membrane cytoplasmic-extracellular topology predicted by UNIPRO. Numbers mark domains predicted by different structure-prediction software. 1. β-sheet structure (aa 60–140) identity to Human Galectin 7 2–3 (SWISSPRO); pectin-lyase superfamily IPRO11050 (aa 882–987) (InterPro); Regions 2, 3, and 4 with several structural predictions based on sequence identity, structure similarity, and amino acid folding: Complement component C9 receptor (aa 1189–1227) (aa 1584–1622) (SWISS-PRO); Notch ligand (Panther prediction) (aa 1192–1621); pectine lyase-fold (aa 1670–1898) (Alphafold-InterPro); arabinofuranosyltransferase aftd2 from mycobacteria (aa1993–2170) structure prediction confidence 96% (Phyre-2); 4. Threonine-rich region (aa 2800–2927) PROSITE, and structure of tailspike protein gp49 from pseudomonas phage2 lka1 88% confidence (Phyre-2), epitopes from reference [21] are located in this region; 5. Transmembrane helices region DGF1_14, DGF_1.5 (InterPro). Blue cylinders: Transmembrane domains. Graph made with BioRender.](/paper-figures/81ffa087ed5442e780fdc0d609633725/the-elusive-trypanosoma-cruzi-disperse-gene-protein-family-dgf-1-figure-1.jpg)
![Figure 2 Schematic representation of T. cruzi DGF-1.2 protein and Bodo saltans Bonodin gene [17]. Barrels represent transmembrane regions; SP, signal peptide; N and C protein terminals; I, intracellular regions; E, extracellular regions. Graph made with BioRender.](/paper-figures/16a258f72314412ca7997410c8e61975/the-elusive-trypanosoma-cruzi-disperse-gene-protein-family-dgf-1-figure-2.jpg)
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Olivares, 2000, Genome clustering of the Trypanosoma cruzi non-long terminal L1Tc retrotransposon with defined intersperse repeated DNA elements, Electrophoresis, 21, 2973, 10.1002/1522-2683(20000801)21:14<2973::AID-ELPS2973>3.0.CO;2-4 · doi:10.1002/1522-2683(20000801)21:14<2973::aid-elps2973>3.0.co;2-4
Metadata
- Authors
- Ramírez, J. L.
- Affiliations
- Instituto de Estudios Avanzados, Caracas, Venezuela and Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas 1080, Venezuela
- ORCID
- Ramírez, José Luis
- Venue
- Pathogens
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-02-10
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 292
- ISSN
- 2076-0817 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9967923
- OpenAlex
- W4319985730
- Cited by
- 9
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 0.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Pathogens (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Preprints.org (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- FONACYT-Mincyt Venezuela (018-2022)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Trypanosoma species research and implications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Research on Leishmaniasis Studies
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Vector-borne infectious diseases
- Keywords
- Trypanosoma cruzi, Chagas disease, host-parasite interactions, variant surface proteins, trans-sialidase, mucin, antibody titers, neglected diseases
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