Parasitic Nematode Immunomodulatory Strategies: Recent Advances and Perspectives
Open accessAbstract
More than half of the described species of the phylum Nematoda are considered parasitic, making them one of the most successful groups of parasites. Nematodes are capable of inhabiting a wide variety of niches. A vast array of vertebrate animals, insects, and plants are all identified as potential hosts for nematode parasitization. To invade these hosts successfully, parasitic nematodes must be able to protect themselves from the efficiency and potency of the host immune system. Innate immunity comprises the first wave of the host immune response, and in vertebrate animals it leads to the induction of the adaptive immune response. Nematodes have evolved elegant strategies that allow them to evade, suppress, or modulate host immune responses in order to persist and spread in the host. Nematode immunomodulation involves the secretion of molecules that are capable of suppressing various aspects of the host immune response in order to promote nematode invasion. Immunomodulatory mechanisms can be identified in parasitic nematodes infecting insects, plants, and mammals and vary greatly in the specific tactics by which the parasites modify the host immune response. Nematode-derived immunomodulatory effects have also been shown to affect, negatively or positively, the outcome of some concurrent diseases suffered by the host. Understanding nematode immunomodulatory actions will potentially reveal novel targets that will in turn lead to the development of effective means for the control of destructive nematode parasites.
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The production of cystatins by some filarial parasites such as Onchocerca volvulus and Acanthocheilonema viteae inhibits cysteine proteases and induces IL-10 production.
“For example, the production of the cystatins by some filarial parasites such as Onchocerca volvulus and Acanthocheilonema viteae leads to the inhibition of the cysteine protease group (i.e., legumains and cathepsin L and S) and induces the production of anti-inflammatory interleukin (i.e., IL-10) [21,22].”
From Emergent and Neglected Equine Filariosis in Egypt: Species Diversity and Host Immune Response (2022) · cites this paper as [22]
Section 4 (page unavailable) says nematode cystatins inhibit legumains and cathepsins L and S and enhance IL-10 production. It specifically reports IL-10 upregulation by an Acanthocheilonema viteae cystatin, but does not identify Onchocerca volvulus as a cystatin producer; its discussion of O. volvulus concerns miRNAs instead. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredImmunomodulatory mediators such as ES-62, cystatins, legumains and cathepsin L and S have an immunomodulatory effect to enhance production of anti-inflammatory IL10.
“They have an immunomodulatory effect to enhance the production of anti-inflammatory IL10 [17,22].”
From Emergent and Neglected Equine Filariosis in Egypt: Species Diversity and Host Immune Response (2022) · cites this paper as [22]
Section 4 says nematode-secreted cystatins strongly enhance production of anti-inflammatory IL-10. It describes legumains and cathepsins L and S as targets inhibited by cystatins, not as mediators that enhance IL-10. It describes ES-62 as immunomodulatory but does not link it to increased IL-10 production. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Cooper, D., & Eleftherianos, I.
- Affiliations
- George Washington University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Eleftherianos, Ioannis
- Venue
- Pathogens
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2016-09-14
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 58
- ISSN
- 2076-0817 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5039438
- OpenAlex
- W2520320561
- Cited by
- 92
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 1.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Pathogens (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1R01AI110675-01A1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Parasites and Host Interactions
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Helminth infection and control
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Parasite Biology and Host Interactions
- Keywords
- parasitic nematodes, immunomodulation, immune evasion, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, host-parasite interactions, immunosuppressive molecules, plant-parasitic nematodes, insect parasitic nematodes, concurrent disorders, nematode control
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